[20], The evolutionary history and fossil distribution of Cocos nucifera and other members of the tribe Cocoseae is more ambiguous than modern-day dispersal and distribution, with its ultimate origin and pre-human dispersal still unclear. The UAE has, however, imposed strict laws on mature coconut tree imports from other countries to reduce the spread of pests to other native palm trees, as the mixing of date and coconut trees poses a risk of cross-species palm pests, such as rhinoceros beetles and red palm weevils. It is still the largest producer of coconut oil and copra, accounting for 64% of the global production. Based on these separate introductions, coconut populations can still be divided into Pacific coconuts and Indo-Atlantic coconuts, respectively. She has worked in some of the worlds most prestigious kitchens, and has published several cookbooks that have become bestsellers. Nevertheless, the authors Gomez-Navarro et al. 2022 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. The coconut is also an important economic resource for the production of fiber and other materials. Coconut buttons are often used for Hawaiian aloha shirts. Adsule, and S.S. Kadam. Its meat is sweetened, cut into strands, and sold in glass jars as coconut strings, sometimes labeled as "coconut sport". ", "Structure and Function of the Haustorim in Germinating Coconut Palm Seed", "Fossil fruit of Cocos L. (Arecaceae) from Maastrichtian-Danian sediments of central India and its phytogeographical significance", "An update of monocot macrofossil data from New Zealand and Australia", "A Fossil Coconut Fruit from the Early Eocene of Gujarat", "Long-distance dispersal of the coconut palm by migration within the coral atoll ecosystem", "Independent Origins of Cultivated Coconut (, "Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion", "Coconuts: not indigenous, but quite at home nevertheless", "An early sophisticated East Polynesian voyaging canoe discovered on New Zealand's coast", "Germination rate is the significant characteristic determining coconut palm diversity", "Deep history of coconuts decoded: Origins of cultivation, ancient trade routes, and colonization of the Americas", "Complete sequence and comparative analysis of the chloroplast genome of coconut palm (, The Coconut Odyssey the bounteous possibilities of the tree of life, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, "Report: 26 provinces quarantined for coconut pest", "Coconut production in 2019, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)", "Petenes mangroves: types and severity of threats", "Health of coconut tree climbers of rural southern India medical emergencies, body mass index and occupational marks: A quantitative and survey study", "Philippine coconut industry: No monkey business here", "The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream", "New mechanical coconut climbing device developed", "A study on skills for trade and economic diversification (STED) in the non-traditional coconut export sectors of the Philippines". 2,0004,000 adventitious roots may grow, each about 1cm (12in) large. The fruit, meat, water, and milk of the coconut are all widely consumed as part of the diet in many parts of the world. It is produced as the endosperm nourishes the developing embryo. It is sweet and high in nutritional value. [84] Modern methods use hydraulic elevators mounted on tractors or ladders. Several countries' economies are based on the coconut palm. The endocarp or shell is used for fuel for making shell charcoal, activated carbon etc. Every single one of these was ruined by the sea water. Hemera Technologies/Photos.com/Getty Images. Do you know 80 million poor people depend directly on coconut for their livelihood in 90 countries? [143], The sap can be reduced by boiling to create a sweet syrup or candy such as te kamamai in Kiribati or dhiyaa hakuru and addu bondi in the Maldives. Fresh husks contain more tannin than old husks. The coconut oil is in great demand for edible purposes, for soap making toilet preparation. It supplies food, drink and shelter and also supplies raw material to number of industries intimately connected with domestic as well as economic life. It is spread by host insects, that thrive on heavy turf grasses. Spraying with wettable sulfur 0.4% or with Neem-based pesticides can give some relief, but is cumbersome and labor-intensive. [85], In cooler climates (but not less than USDA Zone 9), a similar palm, the queen palm (Syagrus romanzoffiana), is used in landscaping. What are the physical characteristics of a coconut? [111], Coconut oil is increasingly used in the food industry. A coconut can be hollowed out and used as a home for a rodent or small birds. The shells of the coconut can also be used to create charcoal, which has a variety of industrial and domestic uses. In addition to its economic value as a source of food and materials, the coconut is also an important source of income for many small-scale farmers and communities. Coconuts probably originated somewhere in Indo-Malaya and are one of the most important crops of the tropics. Every part of the palm is usable for human needs -- food, shelter and fiber. Coconut palms yield roughly 20 percent of the market's oils and fats, Just Change Trust estimates. [48][49][50][51] The similarities of the local names in the Austronesian region is also cited as evidence that the plant originated in the region. However, they can be eaten anytime after seven months 1, 2. Such an origin indicates that the coconuts were not introduced naturally, such as by sea currents. Economic Role Coconut palms yield roughly 20 percent of the market's oils and fats, Just Change Trust estimates. Harvesting and Yield in Lucerne Cultivation, Important Problems of Coconut Cultivation, Farming Systems & Sustainable Agriculture, Breeding of Field and Horticultural Crops agriculture information, Fundamentals to Entomology agriculture information, Production Techniques for Biological Control Agents, Practicals on Technology of Milk & Milk Products agriculture information, Economics of Natural Resources & Farm Management agriculture information. The player buys some small balls which are then thrown as hard as possible at coconuts balanced on sticks. The terms are derived from the Samoan language and was adopted into scientific usage by Harries (1978). [27][29][30] Conran et al. Coconuts are high in fiber, which helps bulk up your stool and supports bowel regularity, keeping your digestive system healthy ( 6 , 17 ). Coconut meal leftovers from oil and milk production feeds livestock. However their original distribution was in the Central Indo-Pacific, in the regions of Maritime Southeast Asia and Melanesia. [33], Coconuts are susceptible to the phytoplasma disease, lethal yellowing. [146] The sap when fermented can also be made into coconut vinegar or various palm wines (which can be further distilled to make arrack). Since then, numerous other fossils of similar fruits were recovered throughout New Zealand from the Eocene, Oligocene, and possibly the Holocene. Several countries' economies are based on the coconut palm. After the first six to nine years, the coconut palm bears fruit, producing roughly 50 fruits per tree per year, up to 300. What is the economic importance of coconut? [57] Thor Heyerdahl provides an alternative, and much shorter, estimate based on his first-hand experience crossing the Pacific Ocean on the raft Kon-Tiki:[68]. It contributes 2 per cent to Sri Lankas GDP, 2.5 per cent to export earnings and 5 per cent to employment. [103] Other states, such as Goa, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal, and those in the northeast (Tripura and Assam) account for the remaining productions. Nutrition Facts: Vegetable Oil, Coconut. The coconut tree provides food, fuel, cosmetics, folk medicine and building materials, among many other uses. The leaves also provide material for baskets that can draw well water and for roofing thatch; they can be woven into mats, cooking skewers, and kindling arrows as well. Coconut palms yield roughly 20 percent of the market's oils and fats, Just Change Trust estimates. Though safer and faster than the climbing method, its main disadvantage is that it does not allow workers to examine and clean the crown of coconuts for pests and diseases. ~It also helps to make skin softer and more supple. Neera has a low glycemic count at 35 compared to cane sugar or sugarcane juice that has a glycemic count of 80. It has a crunchy watery texture and a slightly sweet taste. Frison, E.A. Tempurung, as the shell is called in the Malay language, can be used as a soup bowl and if fixed with a handle a ladle. Oilseeds, overall. The natural planting, harvesting, and processing of coconuts along with its tropical climate makes for perfect growth conditions of this tropical delicacy. Why Are There No Coconuts In North India? The Pacific group is the only one to display clear genetic and phenotypic indications that they were domesticated; including dwarf habit, self-pollination, and the round "niu vai" fruit morphology with larger endosperm-to-husk ratios. Coconut water can be fermented to produce coconut vinegar. Coconut palms yield roughly 20 percent of the market's oils and fats, Just Change Trust estimates. The process of husk extraction from the coir bypasses the retting process, using a custom-built coconut husk extractor designed by ASEANCanada Forest Tree Seed Centre in 1986. coconut, edible fruit of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), a tree of the palm family (Arecaceae). Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Learn how and when to remove this template message, more deaths are caused by falling coconuts than by sharks, Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, "Rise in coconut yield, farming area put India on top", "How Long Does It Take for a Coconut Tree to Get Coconuts? A recently discovered palm, Beccariophoenix alfredii from Madagascar, is nearly identical to the coconut, more so than the queen palm and can also be grown in slightly cooler climates than the coconut palm. These skilled, unpaid laborers can pick hundreds of coconuts daily. It allows toxins to be thrown out of stomach. The Makapuno (phenomenon) coconut is recognized to be due to the absence of two enzymes in the nut that are responsible in the degradation of the galactomannan in the solid endosp Overall, unsweetened coconut meat makes a great addition to a balanced diet. It was first developed for commercial cultivation in the Philippines and is used widely in Philippine cuisine for desserts, drinks, and pastries. [62] The two groups are genetically distinct, with the dwarf variety showing a greater degree of artificial selection for ornamental traits and for early germination and fruiting. Aids in hydration. Coconut production plays an important role in the national economy of the Philippines. In Sanskrit, it is kalpa vriksha ("the tree which provides all the necessities of life"). Her articles have appeared in "Newton Magazine" and she has contributed to myriad popular books, including "Masters of Deception" and "Click: The Ultimate Photography Guide for Generation Now." They grow best near sea level, within 15 degrees of the Equator. Neera is a delicious natural non-alcoholic beverage, extracted from the spathe or the immature flower spike of coconut trees. What Are the Major Regions of Manufacturing Lisa Smith has been an editor and writer since 1991. Production is based in Southern Asia, Central and South America, Oceania and southern Africa; Asia accounts for 84 percent. In the Philippines, dried half shells are also used as a music instrument in a folk dance called maglalatik. Halved, drained coconuts can also be hung up as bird feeders, and after the flesh has gone, can be filled with fat in winter to attract tits. Saturday &Sunday CLOSED, Hybrid Coconut seedlings, Deejay Sampoorna. Gatchalian et al 1994 developed a sonometry technique for precisely determining the stage of ripeness of young coconuts. The coconut industry also generates employment and supports local businesses, contributing to the overall economic development of these communities. Coconut is the fruit of the coconut palm. Apical buds of adult plants are edible, and are known as "palm cabbage" or heart of palm. The various products of Coconut include tender Coconut water, copra, Coconut oil, raw For example, the Polynesian and Melanesian term niu; Tagalog and Chamorro term niyog; and the Malay word nyiur or nyior. The mesocarp is composed of a fiber, called coir, which has many traditional and commercial uses. Chan, Edward and Craig R. Elevitch. [34][35][36][37] Coco and coconut apparently came from 1521 encounters by Portuguese and Spanish explorers with Pacific Islanders, with the coconut shell reminding them of a ghost or witch in Portuguese folklore called coco (also cca). [85] Mechanical coconut climbing devices and even automated robots have also been recently developed in countries like India, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia. [18][19] Niu vai endocarp fragments have been recovered in archaeological sites in the St. Matthias Islands of the Bismarck Archipelago. It is eaten as is or used as an ingredient in various dishes. Fancy utensil can be prepare from shell. The name comes from the old Portuguese word coco, meaning "head" or "skull", after the three indentations on the coconut shell that resemble facial features. Hair loss is the most common cause of hair loss in men and women, and it is the most common cause of hair loss in women. [133], Coconut milk and coconut cream extracted from grated coconut is frequently added to various dessert and savory dishes, as well as in curries and stews. [49][50], Genetic studies of coconuts have also confirmed pre-Columbian populations of coconuts in Panama in South America. Gasa suggested, for lack of paper, delivering by dugout canoe a message inscribed on a husked coconut shell, reading Nauru Isl commander / native knows posit / he can pilot / 11 alive need small boat / Kennedy.[159] This coconut was later kept on the president's desk, and is now in the John F. Kennedy Library. Coconut meat can also be cut into larger pieces or strips, dried, and salted to make "coconut chips" or "coco chips". Coconut milk contains 5% to 20% fat, while coconut cream contains around 20% to 50% fat. The husks can be used as flotation devices. What are the benefits of drinking coconut water? In addition to its economic value as a source of food and materials, the coconut is also an important source of income for many small-scale farmers and communities. The Coconut Research Center describes the nut as rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals with oil comprising mainly medium-chain fatty acids. "Chapter 12 Coconut". [147][148], Coconut vinegar, made from fermented coconut water or sap, is used extensively in Southeast Asian cuisine (notably the Philippines, where it is known as sukang tuba), as well as in some cuisines of India and Sri Lanka, especially Goan cuisine. [134], Newly germinated coconuts contain a spherical edible mass known as the sprouted coconut or coconut sprout. The inner posterior tepal is completely outside. Coconut water is traditionally used as a growth supplement in plant tissue culture and micropropagation. Coconut oil is one of nine internationally traded vegetable oils and ranks eighth in global production. Food Industry Coconut is known as a common ingredient in food processing. The coconut tree provides food, fuel, cosmetics, folk medicine and building materials, among many other uses. However they are mainly present as decoration, and the Australian coconut industry is small; Australia is a net importer of coconut products. [49][11][65][64], Another ancestral variety is the niu leka of Polynesia (sometimes called the "Compact Dwarfs"). It is also often stated that coconuts can travel 110 days, or 5,000km (3,000mi), by sea and still be able to germinate. It also promotes scalp health by fighting against insect bite, lice and dandruff. One recently selected cultivar, the 'Maypan', has been bred for resistance to this disease. [12], Botanically, the coconut fruit is a drupe, not a true nut. The coconut was a critical food item for the people of Polynesia, and the Polynesians brought it with them as they spread to new islands.[170]. However, both James Cook and William Bligh[69] (put adrift after the Bounty mutiny) found no sign of the nuts along this 2,000km (1,200mi) stretch when he needed water for his crew. June 14, 2022; ushl assistant coach salary . . Mature coconuts, ovoid or ellipsoid in shape, 300450 mm (1218 inches) in length and 150200 mm (68 inches) in diameter, have a thick fibrous husk surrounding the familiar single-seeded nut of commerce. It is governed by a single recessive gene (there are studies to this effect) and . Is eating coconut good for your skin? It is also used as a natural moisturizer, especially for winter. Coconut flesh is high in fat and can be dried or eaten fresh or processed into coconut milk orcoconut oil. [173] In the foothills of the temple town of Palani, before going to worship Murugan for the Ganesha, coconuts are broken at a place marked for the purpose. [108] The artificial landscaping may have been the cause for lethal yellowing, a viral coconut palm disease that leads to the death of the tree. Copra is the dried meat of the seed and after processing produces coconut oil and coconut meal. The husks of the coconut are a source of coir, a fiber used in the production of brushes, matting, and other products. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The liquid of the nut, known as coconut water, is used in beverages. [138] Coconut oil extracted from coconut milk or copra is also used for frying, cooking, and making margarine, among other uses.[134][139]. [154] Activated carbon manufactured from coconut shell is considered extremely effective for the removal of impurities. 3rd Floor, St Patricks Complex, Brigade Road, [58], The extent of cultivation in the tropics is threatening a number of habitats, such as mangroves; an example of such damage to an ecoregion is in the Petenes mangroves of the Yucatn. In large amounts, coconut water might cause potassium levels in the blood to become too high. HE Moore Jr, NW Uhl. Coconut copra, used to make coconut oil, is prepared at the coconut farms, using very simple techniques and taken to large scale oil mills through a complex and speculative marketing system. [65][64] The fact that all dwarf coconuts share three genetic markers out of thirteen (which are only present in low frequencies in tall cultivars) makes it likely that they all originate from a single domesticated population. The inner flesh of the mature seed, as well as the coconut milk extracted from it, form a regular part of the diets of many people in the tropics and subtropics. [28] In west-central India, numerous fossils of Cocos-like fruits, leaves, and stems have been recovered from the Deccan Traps. In the Hainuwele myth from Maluku, a girl emerges from the blossom of a coconut tree. Scientific studies have found it effective for treating enlarged prostate and improving serum cholesterol. However, the word cocus could also mean "cook" like coquus in Latin,[42] so Linnaeus chose Cocos directly from the Portuguese word coco instead. Coconuts are distinct from other fruits because their endosperm contains a large quantity of clear liquid, called coconut water or coconut juice. Predominantly, the Philippines, Indonesia, India, . Some of the dwarf cultivars such as 'Malayan dwarf' have shown some promising resistance to lethal yellowing, while other cultivars such as 'Jamaican tall' are highly affected by the same plant disease. However, they can be eaten anytime after seven months (1, 2). However, admixture, the transfer of genetic material, evidently occurred between the two populations. Coconut is the environment friendly small-holder palm of the tropical environment, Covering 12.28 million hectares in 90 countries with an annual production of 64.3 billion nuts, Coconut provides USD$ 7.73 Billion per annum to global coconut small holders. [98][99][100], Two important coconut products were first developed in the Philippines, macapuno and nata de coco. Medium chain fats have also been known to help in weight loss and reduce waist circumference. Ingredient Lists); Major Food Allergens (food source names and examples)", "How to Tell When Coconuts Are Ripe on the Tree", "When Are Coconuts Ripe: Do Coconuts Ripen After They Are Picked", "ICC Quality Standard: Desiccated Coconut", "Exporting desiccated coconuts to Europe", "Full Report (All Nutrients): 12117, Nuts, coconut milk, raw (liquid expressed from grated meat and water)", "Ginataang Manok (Chicken Stewed in Coconut Milk) Filipino Recipe! [134][135] It can also be diluted into a beverage. It can be eaten as food or used as medicine. What are the health benefits of coconut water? [21][22], Whole mature coconuts (11 to 13 months from flowering) sold for export, however, typically have the husk removed to reduce weight and volume for transport. [26][27] In Colombia, a single Cocos-like fruit was recovered from the middle to late Paleocene Cerrejn Formation. The coconut is also a popular ingredient in many types of cuisine, including Southeast Asian, South Asian, and Caribbean dishes. Coconut is a crop of small and marginal farmers since 98% of about five million coconut holdings in the country are less than two hectares. [114], The coconut palm is grown throughout the tropics for decoration, as well as for its many culinary and nonculinary uses; virtually every part of the coconut palm can be used by humans in some manner and has significant economic value. They played a critical role in the long sea voyages of Austronesians by providing a portable source of food and water, as well as providing building materials for Austronesian outrigger boats. Your energy will be boosted and the thyroid gland hormones production will be enhanced. [14][15], The interior of the endocarp is hollow and is lined with a thin brown seed coat around 0.2mm (164in) thick. Coconut fruit in the wild are light, buoyant, and highly water resistant. [66] However, it can also be argued that the placement of the vulnerable eye of the nut (down when floating), and the site of the coir cushion are better positioned to ensure that the water-filled nut does not fracture when dropping on rocky ground, rather than for flotation. Dried coconut flesh is called copra, and the oil and milk derived from it are commonly used in cooking frying in particular as well as in soaps and cosmetics. Elvira is known for her creative approach to cuisine, and her passion for teaching others about the culinary arts. The Hindu goddess of well-being and wealth, Lakshmi, is often shown holding a coconut. [67] This figure has been questioned based on the extremely small sample size that forms the basis of the paper that makes this claim. Economic importance The palms with the greatest importance in world commerce are the coconut and the African oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis ); both are prime sources of vegetable oil and fat. It is an important commercial product obtained from the husk of coconut. What are the economic importance of coconut? [164] The smell of coconuts comes from the 6-pentyloxan-2-one molecule, known as -decalactone in the food and fragrance industries. They have a thick fibrous husk surrounding the single-seeded nut. Tannin produces negative effects on sapling growth. Furthermore, the exports of coconut products serve as the nation's prime foreign exchange earner. For the ProRodeo Hall of Fame bucking horse, see, Geographical distributions of Indo-Atlantic and Pacific coconut subpopulations and their genetic composition (Gunn, Inferred historical introduction of coconuts from the original centers of diversity in the, "Grated coconut" redirects here. There are currently two major viewpoints on the origins of the genus Cocos, one in the Indo-Pacific, and another in South America. The sap derived from incising the flower clusters of the coconut is drunk as toddy, also known as tub in the Philippines (both fermented and fresh), tuak (Indonesia and Malaysia), karewe (fresh and not fermented, collected twice a day, for breakfast and dinner) in Kiribati, and neera in South Asia. Overall, the coconut fruit is an important economic resource that has a wide range of uses and contributes significantly to local and global economies. Very very educational many thanx for your elaborate description.Raheem, Your email address will not be published. On the eve of Choti Holi . Riung Wangi III No.53, Bandung, West Java, Subscribe with your email address to receive pricelist and updates. A sugar containing juice which is obtained by tapping unopened spadix is known as toddy. Because of its properties that reduce appetite and boost metabolism, coconut oil can help in losing fat in the long term. Demand grew by 8 percent annually during 1993 to 2004. Saturated fats can easily filter and re-circulate molecules to facilitate absorption by liver. Mature fruits have significantly less liquid than young, immature coconuts, barring spoilage. (January 27, 1967). Immature coconuts produce a sloshing sound when shaken (the sharper the sound, the younger it is), while fully mature coconuts do not. During germination, the embryo pushes out of the functional pore and forms a haustorium (the coconut sprout) inside the central cavity. ; Batugal, P.; Bonnot, F. (2008). [131][86] Most of the fat is saturated (89%), with lauric acid being the major fatty acid. A hard shell encloses the embryo with its abundant endosperm, composed of both meat and liquid. In the United States, coconut palms can be grown and reproduced outdoors without irrigation in Hawaii, southern and central Florida,[110] and the territories of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
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