Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. This is manifested in the phenomenon called cognitive dissonance. :>"we>WN,}Arj*L^{l"C9](j0xfyK.1^8 jKbE#/`^%]Ply48o~9cw+ecw/j;k`t)# -3ffua0D@~1` cp \nO7uF& o>u$]oK' 2WBxK>rVyRZ 7%M6xdKmUD}],'WpaB2t$t@^K,JLiM 6H] WA@'n. You can use it freely (with some kind of link), and we're also okay with people reprinting in publications like books, blogs, newsletters, course-material, papers, wikipedia and presentations (with clear attribution). We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. Social Researcher. The content of what the S said before the girl made the remark that her friend told her it was boring. _______ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility. DISCUSSION. For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. If you have a negative attitude toward something, but you behave like you enjoy it, this causes dissonance. /N 8 The fact that a social role can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior points to _____as a major contributor to aggression. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. The driver was making a situational attribution; the officer was making a dispositional attribution. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Eliot Aronson, himself a famous social psychologist and former student of Festinger, called this "the most important experiment in the history of social psychology" ("Social Researcher", 1984). We will discuss each of the questions on the interview separately, because they were intended to measure different things. This has many practical implications. endobj So they did not have to change their true attitudes. <> The mean ratings for the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions, averaging the ratings of the two independent raters, are presented in Table 2. The girl, after this listened quietly, accepting and agreeing to everything the S told her. How are these 100 people likely to respond? Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. June 22, 2015 Please sign in to share these flashcards. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. ]B|07oS8x 7\>Hu0Y(ax/oFpr9&wcN/lLvxva 0]pr8g7o>:kIR,7V_ so4;OO8{B9D W}evewdJ|zCjmgO41b:f~fH4RZHn%j0d&@0yuV;Yhr.a3{Zolv8=e":1'>TwO_3[p]%zX{H[g*uW?:4?= //document.getElementById('maincontent').style.display = 'none'; Festinger and Carlsmith then investigated whether there's a standing evidence of cognitive dissonance where boring tasks were seen as enjoyable. He hoped to exhibit cognitive dissonance in an experiment which was cleverly disguised as a performance experiment. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. Comparison of the effectiveness of improvised versus non-improvised role-playing in producing opinion change. The average ratings on this question, presented in the first row of figures in Table 1, are the results most important to the experiment. The results strongly corroborate the theory that was tested. Half the students were offered a $1 incentive for telling the next student about the experiment, and half were paid $20. Like Explorable? According to Sternberg, married (committed) people who also have intimacy and passion are in the form of love called______love. To which he readily agrees. D. It was Nicole's first year of high school. Subjects rated this using a scale of negative 5 to positive 5 (-5 to +5). Don't see what you need? Leon Festinger introduced cognitive dissonance theory in a 1957 book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. This is most like which of the following techniques? GzXfc^+"R89DP{va3'72IKmr(6*k&LCl7pK)rMTvlTx6Gdo-mnsU In a classic piece of cognitive dissonance research, researchers assigned students to different sides of a debate about the merits of college football. Sherif's 1936 study of conformity involved, asking participants to report the movement of a single point of light in a darkened room, The Challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because, some people knew the shuttle was not OK to launch but did not speak up and therefore disrupt group cohesion, Chris's roommate asks Chris to do him a favor, and Chris agrees. The average rating in this condition is only -.05, slightly and not significantly higher than the Control condition. While the S was working on these tasks the E sat, with a stop watch in his hand, busily making notations on a sheet of paper. Two derivations from this theory are tested here. Leon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith (1959) conducted an experiment entitled "Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance". All experimental Ss in both One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions were asked, after this explanation, to return the money they had [p. 207] been given. The E then removed the tray and spools and placed in front of the S a board containing 48 square pegs. York University, Toronto, Ontario. The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. The most likely predictor of the development of prejudice and discrimination between two groups is the degree of _____ between the groups. Psy 301: Social Psychology In one study, college students liked another student simply because they were told that the other student liked them. These Ss were treated identically in all respects to the Ss in the experimental conditions, except that they were never asked to, and never did, tell the waiting girl that the experimental tasks were enjoyable and lots of fun. 3. The question was included because, as far as we could see, it had nothing to do with the dissonance that was experimentally created and could not be used for dissonance reduction. After performing the tasks, each of the subjects was then interviewed regarding how enjoyable the tasks were to him. If no factors other than his private opinion are considered it would follow, at least in our culture, that if he believes "X" he would publicly state "X." This project has received funding from the, You are free to copy, share and adapt any text in the article, as long as you give, Select from one of the other courses available, https://explorable.com/cognitive-dissonance, Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. Some researchers believe that Milgram's results were a form of the________ technique of persuasion. endobj % {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. Introducing Cram Folders! . <> Results of the experiment showed that even though the tasks were indeed boring and uninteresting, the unpaid control group rated the activity a negative 0.45 (-0.45). The importance of this announcement will become clear shortly. Those who were paid $1 rated the activity a positive 1.35 (+1.35), while those who were paid $20 gave it a rating of negative 0.5 (-0.5). Leon Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in 1959. Three Ss (one in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) refused to take the money and refused to be hired. Participants who agreed to do this were paid either $1 or $20. During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that psychology department was conducting. In evaluating the total magnitude of dissonance one must take account of both dissonances and consonances. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. 4. Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has been one . This subtle dynamic makes cognitive dissonance a powerful tool for changing attitudes. We will have more to say concerning this explanation in discussing the results of our experiment. If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the, When someone who thinks they're smart does something they think is stupid, it causes, In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task, convinced themselves that the task was interesting, Karen is late for work, and her co-worker, Jeff, assumes it is because she is careless and lazy. Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. Researchers have found that a________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective particularly when it it combined with __________. The dissonance could, consequently, be reduced by magnifying the importance of this cognition. repeatedly turning pegs in a peg board for an hour. More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. trailer Three other participants declined the offer and another one, though he gave the girl a positive briefing, he asked for the girl's number afterwards so he can, according to him, explain to her further what the study is about. Seventy-one male students in the introductory psychology course at Stanford University were used in the experiment. What happens when students are asked to defend positions contrary to their beliefs? This short persuasive communication was made in all conditions in exactly the same way. In this case, the One Dollar group should be motivated to believe that the experiment was enjoyable. in order to reduce dissonance. _____ is the scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others. >> The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person? A theory of cognitive dissonance. The variability is greater, however, and the differences do not yield high levels of statistical significance. in the experiment we varied the amount of reward used to force persons to make a statement contrary to their private views. Rating scale 0 to 10. After the half hour on the second task was over, the E conspicuously set the stop watch back to zero, put it away, pushed his chair back, lit a cigarette, and said: Up to this point the procedure was identical for Ss in all conditions. Why are black people stopped by police more than white people? In short, when an S was induced, by offer of reward, to say something contrary to his private opinion, this private opinion tended to change so as to correspond more closely with what he had said. Thus, if the overt behavior was brought about by, say, offers of reward or threats of punishment, the magnitude of dissonance is maximal if these promised rewards or threatened punishments were just barely sufficient to induce the person to say "not X." Solomon Asch, a social psychologist conducted a series of experiments called Asch conformity to study how the behavior of a certain group influence the behav Normative conformity is most commonly referred to as peer pressure, and is prevalent in our present society. The Control condition gives us, essentially, the reactions of Ss to the tasks and their opinions about the experiment as falsely explained to them, without the experimental introduction of dissonance. Social Researcher. One group was being paid that amount to lie to the next subject about the boring experiment. . 48 0 obj OP>$O '@n#} C His refusal to grant them loans is an example of________. It was too long, and that preacher wasn't dressed up enough" would be an example of which type of processing? Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. KING, B.T. correct. The text in this article is licensed under the Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. Putting these 11 in exception, the 60 remaining responses are the following: One of the questions that Festinger and Carlsmith were aiming to answer is how enjoyable were the tasks for the participants. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latane? Violent video games have been blamed for all but which of the following? 4. It was explained to them that the Department of Psychology is conducting the study and they are therefore required to serve in the experiments. The content of what the S said after the girl made the above-mentioned remark. %%EOF Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson The students were asked to perform a tedious task involving using one hand to turn small spools a quarter clockwise turn. [p. 208] In the Twenty Dollar condition, where less dissonance was created experimentally because of the greater importance of the consonant relations, there is correspondingly less evidence of dissonance reduction. Introducing Cram Folders! (The secretary had left the office.) The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________. Would the subject have any desire to participate in another similar experiment? Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship. Abused children grow up to become abusers about one third of the time. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ?
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