[7], Inaccessibility, water shortages, and infestations of disease-causing insects, mainly mosquitoes, prevented the use of large parcels of potentially productive land. [6] Ethiopia has great agricultural potential because of its vast areas of fertile land, diverse climate, generally adequate rainfall, and large labor pool. In Ethiopia 95% of the total area is cultivated by smallholder farmers and contribute 90% of the total agricultural output. The AMC was a government agency whose objective was to influence the supply and price of crops. Ethiopia's crop agriculture is complex, involving substantial variation in crops grown across the country's different regions and ecologies. Before the revolution, large-scale commercial cotton plantations were developed in the Awash Valley and the Humera areas. [7], As of 2008[update], some countries that import most of their food, such as Saudi Arabia, had begun planning the development of large tracts of arable land in developing countries such as Ethiopia. For the later two Regions, estimated numbers vary greatly between conventional and aerial censuses, but total less than 15% of the non-nomadic Regions. J. Ethiopia sources cotton mainly from India and other international suppliers. Their resistance to this change increased when Zemecha members campaigned for collectivization of land and oxen. However, these cattle do relatively well under the traditional production system. Note: Top 3 trade partners are calculated by imports + exports. Vertisols are very important soils in Ethiopian agriculture. The government's price controls and the AMC's operations had led to the development of different price systems at various levels. The government and the international community are working together to address many of these challenges. They are boiled, roasted, or included in a stew-like dish known as wot, which is sometimes a main dish and sometimes a supplementary food. About 70 percent of the cattle in 1987 were in the highlands (commonly involved in transhumance),[26] and the remaining 30 percent were kept by nomadic pastoralists in the lowland areas. Kassaye Tolassa . These figures varied from those provided by the World Bank, which estimated that cropland, pasture, and forestland accounted for 13%, 41%, and 25%, respectively, of the total land area in 1987. That is why per hectare yield of crop is . The relationship between elevation, soil temperatures, soil chemical characteristics, and green coffee bean quality and biochemistry in southwest Ethiopia. Firstly, various policies that discouraged private sector participation in economic activity were implemented during the socialist era (between 1978 and 1992). The combined pressure of crop and livestock production and the ever-increasing human f AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN ETHIOPIA 285 population on the land in this farming system is high. Except in Tigray region, the pilot agro-industrial parks have launched operations. Production jumped from 43,500 tons in 197475 to 74,900 tons in 198485. Food production had consistently declined throughout the 1980s. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) To evaluate the genetic diversity of Ethiopian potato cultivars, and to assess their relationship with germplasm from North America, Europe and the International Potato Center (CIP), 8303 SNP markers were used to characterize 44 local Ethiopian cultivars, as well as . Between 198485 and 198687, at the height of the drought, Ethiopia received more than 1.7 million tons of grain, about 14 percent of the total food aid for Africa. NEED FOR A SPECIFIC TREATMENT OF AGRICULTURE . [7], Government attempts to implement land reform also created problems related to land fragmentation, insecurity of tenure, and shortages of farm inputs and tools. [7], By the mid-1960s, many sectors of Ethiopian society favored land reform. [9], The population in the lowland peripheries (below 1,500 meters) is nomadic, engaged mainly in livestock raising. Commercial Imports from the United States, Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, (Total market size = (total local production + imports) - exports). Please see below for the market overview and trade data. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years. However, opponents of villagization argued that the scheme was disruptive to agricultural production because the government moved many farmers during the planting and harvesting seasons. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) The ten-year plan called for an increase in the size of state farms producing coffee from 14,000 to 15,000 hectares to 50,000 hectares by 1994. Regional Agricultural Research Centers (RARCs) under the respective regional bureaus of agriculture. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation[1] caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). In this regard, Ethiopia is looking to expand development efforts to fight land degradation and to reduce pollution; reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions; increase forest protection and development; increase production of electricity from renewable sources for domestic use and for export; and focus on modern and energy saving technologies. <i>Methods</i>. First, the recurring droughts had devastated the country's main areas where pulses and oilseeds were grown. areas like Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh, elsewhere it is practiced on traditional lines. Investments in cotton production, as well as any other agricultural commodity, require considerable due diligence because of a variety of complicated issues, including landownership rights and the potential for conflict. [30] These tools includes sickle, pick axe, plough shaft, ploughshare, plow, beam and animal force as a machines. Coffee grows wild in many parts of the country, although most Ethiopian coffee is produced in the Oromia Region (63.7%) and in the SNNPR (34.4%), with lesser amounts in the Gambela Region and around the city of Dire Dawa. [10], Until the 1974 revolution, Ethiopia had a complex land tenure system, which some have described as feudal. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS [7], Ensete, known locally as false banana, is an important food source in Ethiopia's southern and southwestern highlands. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. It accounts for nearly 80% of the land under cultivation and employs 60% of the rural workforce, most of which work on less than one hectare of land. In 198182, out of the AMC's purchases of 257,000 tons of grain, Gojjam accounted for 32 percent of the purchases, and Arsi, Shewa, and Gonder accounted for 23%, 22%, and 10%, respectively. The study sought to assess the role of smallholder farming in crop productivity and market access . As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually and agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of the gross domestic product (GDP). Contagious diseases and parasitic infections are major causes of death, factors that are exacerbated by malnutrition and starvation. In pastoral areas, livestock formed the basis of the economy. Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. The Ethiopian Herald (Addis Ababa) Urban agriculture utilizes resources such as land that have high demand for other urban uses . In addition to its domestic use, sesame is also the principal export oilseed. Production is overwhelmingly of a subsistence nature, and a large part of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. These three grains constitute the staple foods of a good part of the population and are major items in the diet of the nomads. Supply and demand characteristics 2 2.3. Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation (ETBC). Many of the existing and anticipated increases in livestock production, as envisioned under the LMP, are linked to the consistent availability of quality livestock feed, animal genetics, and veterinary services. Peasant associations used 361 nurseries to plant 11,000 hectares of land in community forest. [23], However, herding cattle is one of the agricultural activities that resorts to indentured labor and particularly child labor according to the U.S. Department of Labor. Major Rivers of Ethiopia Water resources. The Awash River basin supports many large-scale commercial farms and several irrigated small farms. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. During this period, markets were major actors of economic activity and various positive measures, which encouraged . Consequently, Ethiopia became a net importer of grain worth about 243 million Birr annually from 198384 to, 198788. The sunrise marks the beginning of the day and the sunset marks the end of the day. As a result, a number of Indian entrepreneurs are relocating to Ethiopia to develop its thriving flower industry which has led to gains in market share at the expense of neighboring countries. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. Facing a Foreign Trade AD/CVD or Safeguard Investigation? The first three are primarily cool-weather crops cultivated at altitudes generally above 1,500 meters. Textile and apparel manufacturing and equipment. This can be attributed to two factors. Grains are the most important field crops and the chief element in the diet of most Ethiopians. ", Table D.2. The manufacturing sector plays a marginal role in employment generation, exports, output, and inter-sectoral linkages. [21] It is estimated to number over 150 million in 20072008. Ethiopia: Urban Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation. [7], Ethiopia's demand for grain continued to increase because of population pressures, while supply remained short, largely because of drought and government agricultural policies, such as price controls, which adversely affected crop production. The major product in are teff, wheat, maize, sesame, Niger, linseed etc. Agriculture accounts for 36% percent of the nation's Gross domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020. By 1990 the state had begun to develop large poultry farms, mostly around Addis Ababa, to supply hotels and government institutions. Barley is grown mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters. 2. Sorghum and millet, which are drought resistant, grow well at low elevations where rainfall is less reliable. Trade. Though the raising of livestock always has been largely a subsistence activity,[22] intensive, factory farm facilities are gaining in popularity and are present in Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit, run by Ethiopian agribusiness ELFORA. University students led the land reform movement and campaigned against the government's reluctance to introduce land reform programs and the lack of commitment to integrated rural development. Second, because peasants faced food shortages, they gave priority to cereal staples to sustain themselves. [7], Ethiopia's estimated livestock population is often said to be the largest in Africa. Potential opportunities exist for sales of U.S. livestock genetics and chicken meat. In Ethiopia's lowlands, for example, the presence of malaria kept farmers from settling in many areas. At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners. Corn is grown chiefly between elevations of 1,500 and 2,200 meters and requires large amounts of rainfall to ensure good harvests. It then continues in summarising the main specific characteristics of agriculture: The land use function, the supply and demand characteristics, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the provision of positive externalities and public goods, food as a unique and most essential good and agriculture as a key element for the development of . Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . Households spend an average of 40% of their total food budget on cereals. Characteristics of agricultural landscape features and local soil fertility management practices in Northwestern Amhara, Ethiopia. This growth is expected to create investment and trade opportunities for certain commodities and open doors for veterinary and other livestock services. Land use function 2 2.2. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy, contributing 41.4% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of the total exports, and 80% of all employment in the country (Matousa, Todob, & Mojoc, 2013). The second type consists of brownish-to-gray and black soils with a high clay content. The data from 460 sheep were used for the determination of morphometric characterization while 110 male sheep and 150 females were used to characterize the reproductive performance of Blackhead Somali sheep breeds. The industry began in 2004, when the government made an aggressive push for foreign investments by establishing a presence at major international floricultural events. In 1971 the Ministry of Agriculture introduced the Minimum Package Program (MPP) to bring about economic and social changes. Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. The problem became so serious that Mengistu lashed out against the peasantry on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of military rule in September 1978. [7] Since the fall of the Derg, there have been a number of initiatives to improve the food supply, which include research and training by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. Ethiopia is also Africa's second biggest maize producer. According to CSA (2015) report, cereals . During 1983-84 the Ministry of Agriculture used "food for work" projects to raise 65 million tree seedlings, plant 18,000 hectares of land, and terrace 9,500 hectares of land. In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. Agriculture accounts for most of (30-42%)t of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 11(4): 301-316. Section D. It was also estimated that over 60 percent of the cultivated area was cropland. With respect to increasing productivity, the GOE, alongside its international partners, has made a number of interventions to support the development of the agriculture sector. These soils are found in both the northern and the southern highlands in areas with poor drainage. However, the removal of arable land for conservation projects has threatened the welfare of increasing numbers of rural poor. Land Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Land ownership is also a complicating factor. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. The Blue Nile River. Three factors contributed to the decline in the relative importance of pulses and oilseeds. In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of chat accounted for 25% of export earnings (or 8oo million Birr). In the 20062007 EFY hides, skins and leather products made up 7.5% of the total export value; live animals accounted for 3.1% of the total value of exports during the same period. While by 1988 a total of 3600 Service Cooperatives were serving 4.4 million households and almost 4000 Producer cooperatives comprising 302,600 households had been founded, in that year they represented only 5.5% of national cereal production. For this reason, some environmental experts maintain that large-scale conservation work in Ethiopia has been ineffective. UNJP-RWEE was a five-year long initiative with the objective of accelerating the economic empowerment of rural women . Agriculture. According to Ethiopia farming, this ploughing the land to prepare the soil for sow requires around two quarter of a year. An estimated 85 percent of the population are engaged in agricultural production. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. [7], Of Ethiopia's total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. The amount of coffee inspected in the fiscal year 20072008 by the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority (ECTA) was 230,247 tons, a decrease of almost 3% from the previous fiscal year's total of 236,714 tons. In the 1980s, as part of an effort to increase production and to improve the cultivation and harvesting of coffee, the government created the Ministry of Coffee and Tea Development (now the ECTA), which was responsible for production and marketing. Rain-fed cotton also grew in Humera, Bilate, and Arba Minch. The agricultural production sector is a backbone of the Ethiopian economy. [7] Despite government efforts, farmers responded less than enthusiastically. [7] In EFY 20072008, the CSA reported that 17,827,387.94 quintals of pulses were produced on 1,517,661.93 hectares, an increase from the 15,786,215.3 quintals produced on 1,379,045.77 hectares. Soil acidity is one of the most important environmental threats to the Ethiopian highlands where the livelihood of the majority of people is reliant on agriculture. However, the expected level was not achieved. Oilseeds of lesser significance include castor beans, rapeseed, peanuts, and safflower and sunflower seeds. The existence of so many land tenure systems, coupled with the lack of reliable data, made it difficult to give a comprehensive assessment of landownership in Ethiopia, as well as depressed the ability of peasants to improve themselves. APDF readeris available from Adobe Systems Incorporated. As a result, vegetable oils are widely used, and oilseed cultivation is an important agricultural activity. [7], Wheat stem rust threatens the Ethiopian harvest every year and recently that especially means Ug99. During the same period (197387), population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent (2.4 percent for 198087). Develop a legal framework for agriculture-specific financial services such as micro-lending, crop insurance and forward contracts. The food deficit estimate for the 198589 period indicated that production averaged about 6 million tons while demand reached about 10 million tons, thus creating an annual deficit of roughly 4 million tons. As the textile and apparel industry grows, there will likely be more opportunities for U.S. cotton sales. Agricultural production has been highly dependent on natural resources for centuries [].However, increased human population and other factors have degraded the natural resources in the country thus seriously threatening sustainable agriculture and food security [2, 3]. Volume II, Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics. Grain is an essential part of the Ethiopian diet. There also was concern that villagization could have a negative impact on fragile local resources, accelerate the spread of communicable diseases, and increase problems with plant pests and diseases. Agriculture in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin of Ethiopia -- 24. TheInternational Trade Administration,U.S. Department of Commerce, manages this global trade site to provide access to ITA information on promoting trade and investment, strengthening the competitiveness of U.S. industry, and ensuring fair trade and compliance with trade laws and agreements. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. in addition to these cereals, they produce different types of fruits and coffee which are not seasonal. Ethiopia has an extremely diverse topography, climate, culture, population distribution and market access. Industrial Parks Development Corporation (IPDC), Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI), Ethiopian Cotton Producer, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA). [7] Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. A potential exists for self-sufficiency in grains and for export development in livestock, grains, vegetables, and fruits. Ethiopia is well positioned because highland temperatures make it ideal for horticulture, the average wage rate is US$20 per month (compared to US$60 a month in India), the price of leased land is about US$13 per hectare, and the government has tremendously aided the entry of new businesses into this sector in recent years. Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) . During the 1970s, coffee exports accounted for 50-60% of the total value of all exports, although coffee's share dropped to 25% as a result of the economic dislocation following the 1974 revolution. The soils of the Great Rift Valley often are conducive to agriculture if water is available for irrigation. [23], Ethiopia has great potential for increased livestock production, both for local use and for export. However, the sector has always performed poorly; about one-half of the rural residents in Ethiopia live below the national poverty line, and the rural population is endowed with few and poorly provided social amenities. Only 15 percent of the roads are paved; this is a problem particularly in the highlands, where there are two rainy seasons causing many roads to be unusable for weeks at a time. According to government statistics, there are approximately 50 million cattle, 50 million goats and sheep, plus an assortment of horses, donkeys, camels and chickens. It is a major subsistence crop and it is used as food. Tenant farmers in southern Ethiopia, where the average tenancy was as high as 55% and rural elites exploited farmers, welcomed the land reform. Consequently, the country faced a famine that resulted in the death of nearly 1 million people from 1984 to 1986. Export sales of U.S. cotton are expected as demand increases. In Ethiopia, agriculture is the mainstay of the majority of the population and major driver of the national economy. Includes a market overview and trade data. D. espite the countr. ", Tables D.4 D.7. Meat and milk yields are low and losses high, especially among calves and young stock. However, even with this anticipated increase in chicken meat production, demand is expected to outstrip supply, thereby creating potential opportunities for imports. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. "Agriculture" (and subsections), updated with latest figures from the CSA. Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Administration & Control Authority (VDAFACA), NationalAnimalHealthDiagnosticand InvestigationCenter(NAHDIC), Ethiopia Agricultural Business Corporation (EABC), International Trade Administration Agricultural products account for more than 90 percent of the foreign exchange earnings of the country . [27], Most of Ethiopia's estimated 48 million sheep and goats are raised by small farmers who used them as a major source of meat and cash income. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1965 and 1973, while population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent during the same period.
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