Peer groups can also be thought of as a form of social capital (see Chapter 2). Introduction to the Sociology of Education, A Case Study of a Major Education-Related News Item in Canada, Using the Sociology of Education to Help Understand the Events in Attawapiskat, Bronfenbrenner and Ecological Systems Theory, The Development of Education in the Rest of Canada, The History of Aboriginal Education in Canada, Funding of Primary and Secondary Education in Canada, Public and Private Post-secondary Education, Historical Events in Canadian Curriculum Development. What are the rationales behind the proposed solutions? As discussed in Chapter 2, while policymakers have made recent attempts to mix the vocational and academic trajectories together in high school in order to make them more comparable, students expressed that, based upon the feedback they received from teachers, academic trajectories were preferred and that vocational paths were stigmatized (Taylor 2010). This is a community-based school that offers mentoring to marginalized children and youth. Failure to be accepted by peers can be devastating for children, especially when it is manifested in acts of peer victimization and peer rejection. 4. The school setting is where the learning of the new role as a student occurs. Streaming not only serves to increase the efficiency of teaching and classroom management, but also results in social groupings of students that have significant social meaning within and outside of the school. Arai (2000) found in a study of Canadian parents who home schooled their children that most indicated that they objected to specific parts of public education rather than the institution as a whole. As noted by Krahn and Taylor (2007), labour shortages in the area of skilled trades have also supported the arguments for streaming because such shortages point to a need for more vocational training opportunities in Canadian high schools, which of course are associated with the non-academic stream. The Other agents of socialization within the school were also discussed. Students also learn their gender at school. In addition to the two dominant uniforms, Pomerantz (2008) noted that girls also described their styles as comfortable, sporty, goth, punk, alternative, dressy, classy, preppy, regular, casual, weird, skater, random, hip hop (p. 10) and various combinations. Individuals of a similar age and social identity; in school, the peer group is typically a childs classmates in younger years and then becomes more specific to particular adolescent subgroups in the teenage years. As noted earlier, at the core of these zones are school rules, to which we now turn. The goal of such acts is to damage others reputations and social standings within the peer group. A possible reason for this is that teachers may talk in staff meetings about students whom they perceive as problematic, which may influence future teachers interactions with those students. For example, in order for someone to become a doctor he/she Schools which have vague and inconsistently enforced rules and ambiguous responses to rule-breaking, teachers and administration who do not agree on rules, and students who do not believe that the rules are legitimate are typically associated with higher discipline problems and have a poor school climate (Welsh et al. What solutions are being offered? Moral socialization was the first work of every school. This is particularly striking because these differences in self-concept about abilities in math and science exist in studies even when there is no difference between the grades of males and females. The expected behaviours at school are much different from within the family, and the structural features of day-to-day life at school are in stark contrast to what was experienced in the family home. The following are illustrative examples of socializing. WebHowever, there are some ways in which school can be considered primary socialization. 2007; Sokal 2010) or other English-speaking nations (see Allan 1993; Butler and Christensen 2003; Carrington and Skelton 2003; Carrington, Tymms, and Merrell 2008; Martin 2003). The process of a student internalizing the preferred understanding of what is right and wrong; accomplished through teachers emphasizing the desirability of certain virtues, such as hard work, equity, being nice, and so on. In addition to social class distinctions in streaming, racial minority students are also overrepresented in the bottom groups of streaming ability (Oakes 2005). One suggestion for improving boys literacy is to incorporate more boy friendly books into the curriculum.9 Books that are about adventure and those that are non-fiction are thought to appeal to young males, while novels are more appealing to young females. In early 2011, eight female students at a Catholic high school in Windsor, Ontario were suspended for one day and faced not being able to go to their prom because they wore yellow and blue duct tape tops to a school hockey game in December. Box 6.4 Alternative Approaches to School Rules. American research has found that the home schooled tend to succeed when they attend university (Ray 2004) and were more likely to have at least some college education compared to the general American population. Figure 6.3 summarizes the major forces of socialization within schools that were discussed. In this instruction, children are taught desirable and undesirable virtues. It has been found that peer abuse results in low self-esteem and depression (Boulton and Underwood 1993; Rigby and Slee 1995; Salmon and James 1998; Slee 1995; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), feelings of insecurity (Slee 1995), anxiety (Slee 1994), and social withdrawal (McCarthy 1997). How did you perceive other groups? Academics as a group mostly consisted of brains who did well in their studies and extracurricular activities that were academically oriented. course sequence provides for the study of texts at a variety of different levels of sophistication, to meet the needs of a more diverse student population in terms of student aspirations and abilities, students who aspire to post-secondary education, but not necessarily to careers related to the English language arts, may register in this course sequence. The school, like Won Ska, has a high retention rate. Moral education extends into areas beyond the display of particular virtues. Popular girls and boys also tended to be part of high-status school-sponsored school activities, namely cheerleading (for girls) and team sports (for boys). Lamb, Bigler, Riben, and Green (2009) have also found that if teachers teach children to confront and challenge sexist stereotypes, the results can decrease gender stereotyping behaviour, particularly in girls. If theyre breaking what theyre saying it means nothing to us then.1 A student at the competition shot a video of the dance which quickly became an internet sensation accompanied by much public moral outrage. Benefits. As well, previous research has shown that, like bully victims, rejected children report being lonely (Asher, Hymel, and Renshaw 1984) and are more likely to be depressed (Vosk, Forehand, Parker, and Rickard 1982) than integrated peers. Smaller groups of friends exist within the school setting, and these peer groups often have names that suggest the lifestyle characteristics of the members (Sussman et al. Sussman et al. You can help your child work on Rather than committing acts of physical violence toward each other, girls are much more likely to participate in covert acts of aggression such as spreading rumours and excluding individuals from their social group. A teacher, for example, is largely in charge of the student, but the relationship that a child has with a teacher is far less intimate than the relationship a child shares with his or her parents; A student must also adapt to spending a significant amount of time in large groups; A child must learn to be independent to achieve the academic goals of school; A child must also learn to form bonds and develop social bonds with other children in school; and. When peer group relationships are positive, it is reasonable to assume that the school environment is a supportive and potentially enjoyable one. Next: Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Relationships broken at end of school year. Charter schools (Chapter 4) can also be thought of as streaming children, but of instead of streaming them into ability groups, they are streamed into particular philosophical or religious orientations. The next section addresses the techniques that are used within schools to socialize children into being desirable students. These agents include the family, education, religion, peer groups, and the media, and they all play a significant role in shaping an individual's beliefs, values, and behaviors. Sociology of Education in Canada by Dr. Karen L. Robson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Home schooled children typically follow the curriculum of their province of residence. When children start school, for example, they are socialized to obey authority (i.e., the teacher) and in how to be a student. Socialized delinquency is the violation of the law by individuals younger than 18 years that 2. In school, we also learn social skills through our interactions with teachers, staff, and other students. Because reading is highly associated with overall academic achievement and later-life occupational attainment, this is a problem that has tremendous sociological implications. The conflicts that students have with such rules were also highlighted. In general, students who plan to attend a post-secondary institution, regardless of their specific career aspirations, need to familiarize themselves with the entry requirements of the institution and program the plan to enter. Specifically, Sprott (2004) found that emotional support in the classroom when children were between 10 and 13 years of age reduced violent behaviour in children two years later. The Britney look consisted of tight jeans and midriff-baring tops, while the JLo look was characterized by figure-hugging velour track suits. Canadian studies of the outcomes associated with home schooling are much less plentiful than in the United States, where the home schooling movement has been growing rapidly. The number of children who are home schooled is on the rise in Canada. Secondary socialization refers to the social learning that children undergo when they enter other social institutions, like school. Clubs, Fraternities, and Sororities. Education serves as an agent of socialization because it engages students in competition in academic success which helps create a social environment for students to interact in. There are many new behaviours and experiences that children must adapt to when starting school for the first time. Sokal (2010) found no evidence that computer-assisted literacy programs had any influence on Canadian males from low socioeconomic backgrounds who struggled with reading. The core also consists of embedded practices, which are manners of behaving that are not explicit rules but routine practices within schools that appear to be very natural and taken for granted. This bottom-up approach to decision making has proven to be a very effective one for students who, for various reasons, were not successful in the mainstream system. How do they contribute to student socialization? As noted earlier in this chapter, students with social and emotional disabilities are more likely to be punished under school disciplinary codes of conduct. The socialization of students through the use of school rules, including dress codes and uniforms, was also addressed. Krahn and Taylor (2007) found that a major influence on course selection was parental education and family income; students from families with lower incomes and in which neither parent had post-secondary qualifications were more likely to take lower-streamed courses. incorrect; in the context of education, the expectations that teachers have about their students influence how they behaved toward them, which in turn, influences students motivation and performance. They suggest, interestingly, that drinking and sexual behaviours of young people can be perceived as festive social interactions and [a source of] popularity among teens and emerging adults, as well as representing a problem behaviour (Sussman et al. Examples of teachers acting in morally suggestive ways occasionally make it into the mainstream media. Researchers have suggested that codes of conduct may be more positively received when they are worded in a manner that includes. They may be more socially mature and have better leadership skills than other children as well. Students may not touch other students. Respondents did, however, report some negative aspects of home schooling, which included the social stigma attached to being home schooled, social challenges of not being around other children regularly, the limits of the curriculum covered in their schooling, and the challenges of integrating into classroom settings later in life.12, 6.3 Major Forces of Socialization within Schools. Canadian researchers have found that verbal abuse by teachers in early childhood can have impacts on children not only during childhood and adolescence, but also into adulthood. Brint (1998) identifies three major dimensions of socialization as it pertains to schooling, which are illustrated in Figure 6.1. Theories in the Sociology of Education, 3. Canadian researchers have examined the meanness of girls in relation to their popularity (Currie and Kelly 2006; Currie, Kelly, and Pomerantz 2007). In other words, inherent to such arguments are notions that only men can teach to male students and that the loss of males from the profession and the subsequent lowering of boys scores relative to girls is evidence of how feminization of the school is harming boys (Froese-Germain 2006). This type of aggression is often simply referred to as meanness. Students in such tracks often indicate that they are bored and that they are not engaged with the course materials (Berends 1995). As noted by Wentzel and Looney (2006), there are several different social realities to which a child must adapt: In addition to learning different behaviours that are appropriate for school, there are also structural features of school to which children must adapt. How do students learn gender at school? WebExamples of Socialization 1. What are the outcomes of home schooling in terms of the socialization of children? Did you interact with people in other groups? Streaming not only influences the course choices of students, but also contributes to the overall socialization of children and adolescents in schools. (Ontario Ministry of Education 2009) were circulated to teachers in order to put creative strategies in place for improving boys literacy. Subject options are often streamed into applied or academic streams. The sense of belonging to a school community; can influence behavioural outcomes in students. In many provinces, courses in math, science, and English are divided into those that lead to post-secondary education options (e.g., university) and those that do not. The Ontario Human Rights Commission launched a complaint against the Toronto District School Board, indicating that students with certain types of disabilities were being discriminated against. This act supplanted the Education Act (Section 23), which previously allowed only principals to suspend students and school boards to expel students. 2. All of these examples require the student to self-regulate his or her bodys physical actions in ways that the child may not have had to do in a family setting. Other research findings reveal that this is more than a perception and that abject racism has been detected in schools use of disciplinary procedures (Ferguson, Tilleczek, Boydell, and Rummens 2005). The social learning that children undergo when they enter other social institutions, such as school. Such school environments have been found to breed delinquent behaviour and academic failure. In this chapter, the complex role of socialization within schools was introduced. Define peer victimization, peer rejection, and relational aggression. Researchers have determined that bully victims are weak in temperament (Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), lack physical strength (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), and are somehow different in terms of looks (including race), dress, or physical ability (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Fried 1997). Students may have to stand in orderly lines in order to have a drink of water. Students develop valuable knowledge and skills that will allow them to make informed decisions as they become independent citizens. Davies and Aurini (2003) argue that Canadian parents who home schooled advocated for pedagogical individualismin other words, home schooling allowed them to cater to their childs individual learning styles and interestssomething that would not be possible in a classroom of 25 (or more) students. Gender stereotypes, however, do exist in perceived competence and ability in subjects, with girls consistently indicating less confidence in their ability in science and math (see Simpkins, Davis-Deane, and Eccles 2006 for an overview). WebExample: A high school graduate chooses a career in Business Management after participating in a small group career seminar led by college business majors. 7 & 10(Accessed March 2012). In February of 2011, news broke that a six-year-old boy in Laval, Quebec, had been excluded from a school teddy bear contest because he had a plastic sandwich bag in his lunch, which violated the school rules on environmentally friendly lunch containers.5 Many environmental initiatives have been adopted by schools across Canada. The term streaming is typically used to apply to formal processes of splitting students into ability groupings and is usually discussed in a manner that focuses on the individual student. In fact, mile Durkheim (1973) proposed a protracted role for educators in socializing children into morality. They were more likely to be found in social service, health, and creative occupations, and were more likely to report participating in cultural and group activities than those who were not home schooled. Their role in guiding the moral development of children, however, is often not simply limited to setting a good example. While the initial appeal of zero tolerance policies is that they theoretically apply the same punishment for rule infractions uniformly to everyone, the actual application of the policy does not appear to be so equitable. There is one teacher for a large group of children and the relationship with the teacher is less personal than a childparent relationship. What are peer groups and what does social identity mean? Their inability to behave in ways that are socially acceptable can have many causes, such as parenting styles and disciplinary techniques in the home (Putallaz and Heflin 1990). Attempts to attract more males to the teaching profession have also been suggested as a solution to the boy problem. With school teachers being almost exclusively female, the feminization of schoolingargument suggests that schools are a place where male interests are not cultivated. Research in Canada suggests that non-White students perceive that school rules are unequally enforced (MacDonell and Martin 1986; Ruck and Wortley 2002). The failure of children to be socially accepted by their peers. In many ways, the teacher serves as a parental replacement during school hours, although this figure must be shared with many other children and the relationship is more emotionally distant. As noted by Sweet et al. Many of these features of the core can be understood as not only socializing children into being students, but also preparing them for life as adults within bureaucracies. In 2004, the Ontario Human Rights Commission provided evidence that since the adoption of the Safe Schools Act, a disproportionate number of students with various disabilities had been suspended or expelled (Bhattacharje 2003). Character education is part of the official curriculum in some parts of the country. According to Raby, adolescent girls resistance is hard to characterize because it expresses itself within local, micro-struggles working in an oppositional but sporadic, diffuse, and localized manner (p. 148). This finding points to important differences in provincial educational policies and practices with regard to streaming. Of course, popularity is a factor in social identity. And they appear to be functioning effectively as members of adult society (p. 119). Furthermore, socialization can be divided into two types: primary socialization and secondary socialization. The peer group becomes more important in adolescence as a source of emotional security and identity. Effective school climates can positively influence students, despite their home conditions, race, gender, or social class (McEvoy and Welker 2000). Incorporating technology into the classroom has also been suggested as a way to improve boys reading achievement, particularly through the use of the internet. It should be noted that informal mechanisms of streaming, however, can also be understood as the outcomes of other schooling practices that occur at the level of the institution. Research in British Columbia around this policy has also found that those who are disciplined under zero tolerance policies are more likely to have disabilities or be racial minorities (Cassidy and Jackson 2005). Schools perform an essential work in the socialization of children by first transmitting the cultures values. These 1400 hours in the school setting per year do not include extracurricular activities and school preparatory work, like homework. Other researchers have found that school sports coaches create conformity among their players by using misogynistic and homophobic comments to criticize players (Schissel 2000), further contributing to stereotypes about what is considered appropriate male behaviour. They have good self-esteem and are likely to display fewer behavior problems than do other children. Religion. The gender gap between males and females in these subjects has narrowed considerably in recent years, with boys and girls performing about the same in both Canada and the United States (Lauzon 2001). There are various reasons that parents choose to home school their children. The influence teachers exert over students in their delivery of curriculum has been addressed above and in the previous chapter. The findings suggest that at-risk children may be socialized into a cycle of negative interactions with teachers, which may not only contribute to their future delinquency but also reduce their academic performance. She notes that style is perceived to be a voice of resistance among many girls, but also queries whether such an en masse expression of resistance through consumption of fashion and music can really be considered resistance if so many young people seem to be doing itat least to some extent. (Ontario Ministry of Education 2004) and Me Read? If they do not go to school, how do they learn many of the basic skills that are engrained in the early years of the school experience? According to Cohen (1972), individuals (or groups of individuals), events, or conditions are perceived as jeopardizing wider societal values and interests. Within the school setting, social competence is achieved when students embrace and achieve socially sanctioned goals. Socializing This is the complete list of articles we have written about socializing. When a student enters high school, the courses that he or she takes greatly influence the post-secondary options available to him or her upon graduation. Box 6.1 Teaching Morality through Example and through Curriculum, Do students look at teachers as moral exemplars? But curriculum is just one aspect. Describe how peer victimization, peer rejection, and relational aggression impact on the socialization experiences of students. Because the school is such an important agent in the socialization of children, it can also have negative impacts on children who experience negative interactions with their teachers. What are some examples of streaming? Brunsma (2005, 2006) argues that in the United States, school uniforms have not been effective in addressing any of the issues they were intended to resolve. In 2001, the Ontario Ministry of Education instituted the Safe Schools Act, which was designed to address violence and behavioural problems in schools. This story represents school at its most frightening and disturbing. The term zero tolerance first gained popularity in the area of law enforcement in the United States. Such reading materials functioned as a type of social or cultural capital within their groups of friends. There are, however, a significant number of children, not only in Canada but in the United States and beyond, that do not attend school in the way that has been described here. How are schools teaching morality? Policy in which specific code infractions result in immediate punishment, usually in the form of suspension or expulsion, and sometimes involving the police. The role of teachers as a new authority figure in students lives was introduced earlier. Illustrate how peer groups contribute to the social identity of students. As Krahn and Taylor (2007) argue, students from disadvantaged backgrounds may have the ability to succeed in advanced academic courses, but an assortment of other factors may be reducing their likelihood of taking these courses. Schools with the most severe discipline problems usually have the worst social climates as well. In addition to features of the school and teacher characteristics, a major part of socialization at school involves students interaction with their peer group. 2007), teens in the deviant groups tended to have lower self-esteem and life satisfaction compared to other groups, and also tended to have poor parenting. Manitoba, for example, has a highly tracked mathematics program (McFeetors and Mason 2005). It was emphasized that children have to learn how to be students and that the teacher is largely in charge of not only subject-specific education, but also the teaching of morals and values. Pomerantz (2008) studied the school identities of girls at a high school on Vancouvers east side. During the process of cultural conformity, children learn about accepted perspectives and styles of expression. Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, After reading this chapter, you will be able to. What is the relationship between school rules and the socialization of students? First, it teaches members the skills necessary to satisfy basic human needs and to defend themselves against danger, thus ensuring that society itself will continue to exist. Favourable school climates are characterized by non-arbitrary rule enforcement, rewarding of appropriate behaviour, and positive interactions between students and teachers (Reinke and Herman 2002). 2010). Peer aggression can also take the form of relational aggression, which has been identified as behaviour specific to girls (Artz 1998; Simmons 2002). As noted by Sussman et al. The students of the school are typically those who have had little success at other high schools and are considered at risk. The school has only three major rules: (1) attendance is mandatory, (2) outreach work is mandatory, and (3) mind-altering substances are prohibited. Characteristics of the school, teachers, and the peer group all influence the socialization of children within school settings. The narrowing of standardized test scores between males and femalesand across countrieshowever, strongly points to the differences as being cultural constructions that are shifting as the result of changing norms of socialization (Penner 2008). 9. In other words, boys need to be in places where traditional expressions of masculinities can be fostered and nurtured because the current organization of school does not allow this. And the grand outcome of socialization is also theorized to be the result of how all the systems interact with one another. The influence of social capital, however, does not always work in a manner than enhances academic achievement and prosocial behaviours. Peer-rejected children, however, are not only aggressive children. Teachers, however, shape the socialization of students by other processes as well, which are discussed below. Young people tend to build their social identities around specific peer groups, particularly in adolescence. The OHRC also found that racial minority students were also disproportionately represented among those who had been disciplined with suspensions and expulsions under the act. Customer Service Environment Group Dynamics Institutions Looking In Canada, children from elementary to high school levels spend about seven hours a day at school for about 200 days of the year. Describe how they all impact on student socialization. Children that act in an aggressive or disruptive manner account for about one-third of children rejected by their peers (Crick and Dodge 1996). In school, the peer group is typically a childs classmates in younger years and then becomes more specific to particular adolescent subgroups in the teenage years.
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