European Sociological Review, 20(1), 111. They also have some other benefits over traditional headphones. This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. Lovenduski, J. Making your pros and cons list objectively can help weigh each pro and con against the others. In each case, we find that in a given Congress, legislators are around 6-9 percentage points more likely to contact federal agencies on behalf of constituents with whom they share background char-acteristics, when compared to their nonveteran, male, or white . People still have a voice. One of the biggest advantages of descriptive research is that it allows you to analyze facts and helps you in developing an in-depth understanding of the research problem. Holst, C. (2014). (1995). Cornell, D. (1998). Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. It might be helpful to take a longer-term perspective here: rather than focusing on the absence of particular (small) groups in society in any given legislature, focus on persistent exclusion over several legislatures. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Four of those types include tables, bar graphs, line graphs and pie charts. People of color are also serving as mayors across the country, including in major cities like D.C., Chicago, Baltimore, and Atlanta. 518). Traveling is one of my familys favorite things to do. A contingent yes. The 116th Congress has been the most racially and ethnically diverse in U.S. history, with 56 Black members, 43 Hispanic members, 17 Asian members, and four Native American members. It is based on the belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in key demographic characteristics as gender, ethnicity, or religion. Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. While qualitative research may be hard to argue against because it involves numbers and tests, questions of the researchers motive and method often arise. Companies can collect data first-hand based on stats and unbiased information. Toggle navigation. Reading a hundred pages may not give any scope to make a decision. Moreover, to date, few minority legislators have been elected from districts that do not contain a high percentage of minority constituents. Apart from it, if you've collected data on multiple variables, you can use the Bivariate or Multivariate descriptive statistics to study . 1. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. blurted this. Young, I. M. (1994). Individuals may not be voting on individual issues within a representative democracy, but they can still have their opinions heard. Convenience Sampling Defined: Pros & Cons. For example, raw numbers may show that people are more prone to a specific behavior, but an interview will explain why this behavior is occurring. Measures like percentiles and quartiles become very useful in this area of expertise. And bear in mind that representatives act on behalf of groups not directly included in decision-making so we should also focus on the representation of interests (though this is much harder to do than simply counting, of course). How Do Parliamentarians Define Descriptive Representation? Aldershot: Ashgate. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. The Oxford Handbook of the American Congress, Behavioral Approaches to the Study of Congress, Formal Approaches to the Study of Congress, Touching the Bones: Interviewing and Direct Observational Studies of Congress, Historical Approaches to the Study of Congress: Toward a Congressional Vantage on American Political Development, Campaign Finance in Congressional Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Theories of representation and the link between descriptive and substantive representation, Descriptive representation and the constituentrepresentative link, Descriptive representation and substantive representation of group interests, Voting behavior and representation of minority interests, Beyond voting behavior: Exploring the link between descriptive and substantive representation throughout the legislative process, Descriptive representatives and vigorous advocacy for group interests, The importance of institutional and partisan dynamics, Critical mass and institutional influence on descriptive representation, Critical mass and institutional power in congress, Leadership differences in substance and style, Congressional Institutions and Procedures, Managing Plenary Time: The U.S. Congress in Comparative Context, The Ties That Bind: Coalitions in Congress, The Development of Congressional Elections, The Development of the Congressional Committee System, Sectionalism and Congressional Development, Congress and the Executive Branch: Delegation and Presidential Dominance, The Amorphous Relationship between Congress and the Courts, Reflections on the Study of Congress 19692009, ' Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests', in George C. 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Welfare state and woman power: Essays in state feminism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Proportional Representation The diversity of the country is not reflected in the U.S. Congress, whose current membership is approximately 80 percent male, 82 percent white, and 92 percent Christian. Struggles to expand the breadth of political and civil rights in the United States have been critical to fostering greater inclusion and equality for racial/ethnic minorities in America. This is a lesson from the tutorial, American Congress and you are encouraged to log On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of descriptive research. Comparing two schools within two separate districts instead of simply two schools in the city will add an additional layer of depth to this analysis, in that differences in the districts particular policies can be examined as to whether or not they contribute to the findings. The Pros And Cons Of Using Clicker. Sex and social justice. The closer assessment of pros and cons will. However, they also have some cons, such as low sound quality and low battery life. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Descriptive research is a form of research that relies on a variety of different techniques to organize information. The electoral advantage of the incumbents presents a stumbling block on the advancement of new groups into the institution. Ethnic Heterogeneity Ethnic Heterogeneity also known as ethnic diversity is another variable associated with social disorganization theory that I consider to be one of the. Oxford: Oxford University Press. therefore, it is used by various industries There are three main types of descriptive methods: observational methods, case-study methods and survey methods. Shaw and McKay created common complication hypothesis to explain variety crosswise over neighborhoods. Post- 2000 redistricting created more majority-Latino districts, although the absolute number of Latino legislators did not increase correspondingly. Pros are listed as arguments in favor of making a particular decision or action. Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation pp 87110Cite as, Part of the Citizenship, Gender and Diversity book series (FEMCIT). Stetson, D., & Mazur, A. G. (1995). In descriptive representation, representatives have similar backgrounds (gender, race, religion, etc.) This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. Acceptability: Such a report is acceptable to busy persons because it easily highlights the theme of the report. The Politics of Local Presence: Is there a Case for Descriptive Representation? Often times in American history, unselected natural characteristics such as race and ethnicity have served as keen factors permitting unequal treatment of individuals and at creating barriers placing minority groups at a disadvantage when attempting to practice influence over the government. 4. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip-tive representation most useful. The question here is what happens to the calculus of descriptive representation under the condition that state feminist machineries are in place and work relatively efficiently. Descriptive research is used to gain information about behavior. Swiss-Subsaharan Africa Migration Inaugural call, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123404000134, Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies. Women-centred and intersectional state feminism, state feminism inside and outside a welfare state context, and state feminism more and less democratized are compared, and it is argued that from the cost side, descriptive representation is more recommendable in a democratized, intersectional state feminist regime than in a women-centred technocratic one, whereas the effects of the welfare state variable on descriptive representation costs are more mixed. Black faces, black interests: The representation of African-Americans in congress. It helps by saving time and money while collecting data. List of the Pros of Experimental Research 1. At one time, there was relatively little concern about descriptive representation in Congress. For example, although more than half the U.S. population is female, only 20 percent of Congress is. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Organizing and providing relevant educational content, resources and information for students. 9. Cornell, D. (1995). Here are the major reasons for using graphics to highlight the pros & cons: Show the pluses and minuses of specific options. Pros. Other hybrid approaches have been suggested for visual-spatial and model-based reasoning. Despite of this diversity the American communities have been marginalized since forever. This form of representation is called descriptive representation. The imaginary domain: Abortion, pornography and sexual harassment. Gender as seriality: Thinking about women as a social collective. Rational deliberation among experts and citizens. Gain seats easily: A party that receives a high enough percentage of votes has a seat in . The rise of the unelected. (Eds.). Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative research. In J. Parkinson & J. Mansbridge (Eds. Once you have this descriptive research, you can use it to focus your next ad campaign to the right clientele. (1993) have developed a system consisting of a propositional and depictorial partonomy (organization of parts) for reasoning, where the depictorial partonomy reflects the hierarchy proposed in representations for visual processes. The descriptive evaluation is the process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information using different tools Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice? Democratic political theory. 10 Anson Road,#11-20, International Plaza, Singapore-079903. Cambridge: Polity Press. Princeton: Princeton University Press. History shows how minorities within America have been marginalized. The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. Cons. 2. Advantages of Descriptive Research. that: The most affecting descriptive writing results from an author's providing not a linguistic blueprint of a library but the raw material (the air tinged with the scent of old pages, the shafts of dusty light through the window slats, the whispers, like trickling water, of the librarians behind the oval reference desk) from which the reader can erect her own library. Race itself was never something I viewed another, in the way women are portrayed in modern culture and society. Woocommerce Remove Product Attribute Programmatically, 8. An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the what is of a topic. Rita Williams Garcia Net Worth, Descriptive studies include case reports, case-series, qualitative studies and surveys (cross-sectional) studies, which measure the frequency of several factors, and hence the size of the problem. This article is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. Gender and discourse. The debate about descriptive vs inferential statistics takes away from crafting a more holistic approach. Descriptive research has advantages and disadvantages with researchers accounting for positive and negative variables. Pros. Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). Surprising as it may seem, some teachers don't think grades are a useful tool. The descriptive characteristics of a representative can lull voters into thinking their substantive interests are being represented even when this is not the case. Your email address will not be published. Feminizing politics. Typically, multiple representation involves the buyer and seller. Representing consumer institutions: The case of American health planning. The data from a descriptive research project can be collected from one person or a small group of people. Experimental research offers the highest levels of control. Oxford: Polity Press. In the wake of the Civil Rights Movement, African American representatives also began to enter Congress in increasing numbers. Phillips, A. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ), Deliberative democracy and its discontents. They chant Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492 and harmoniously sing patriotic songs such as The Star Spangled Banner while being utterly oblivious of Americas corrupt political system. 2. London: Routledge. The point of this chapter is neither to define the threshold level of effective state feminism nor to argue that state feminism actually delivers better than descriptive representation. While Congress is dominantly a male, white institution, the creation of majority-minority districts in the early 1990s resulted in the election of African-Americans and Hispanics to Congress. Quantitativist. Advantage. This advantage makes it possible to determine if outcomes are viable. "Share icon", Quan Do, The Noun Project. Today, EMILYs List, a PAC founded in 1985 to help elect pro-choice Democratic women to office, plays a major role in fundraising for female candidates. New York: Verso. While For example, if you are assembling a questionnaire, you might load the questions to direct the reader to answer a certain way. 7. Prescriptivists typically abide by traditional elements that strive to preserve long-lasting grammatical rules, word forms, processes or behaviors even if the rules are outdated. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. In this way, it couldn't just be that distinctive individuals lived in the high-wrongdoing territories than in the low-wrongdoing zones. The research can utilize methods such as surveys, observation, field experiments, interviews and number analysis. CrossRef Compare the gains and losses of a proposal in the decision-making process. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Uni Research Rokkan Centre, Bergen, Norway, Centre for Womens and Gender Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Holst, C. (2016). This is the conceptual view of the end product, whatever the owner can think about relative to its use. For example, Patsy Mink (D-HI), the first Asian American woman elected to Congress, was the coauthor of the Education Amendments Act of 1972, Title IX of which prohibits sex discrimination in education. Nussbaum, M. (1999). 2. I argue that race and ethnicity matter in congressional oversight of bureaucratic policymaking. 3. The closest comparative system would be the representative republic, such as used in the United States. 1. Tables can be useful if trying to. Sometimes you can add a subwoofer, depending on the model. This could mean different agents from the same brokerage or even the same agent represents multiple clients. These questions are all the more important given that Latinos are the single largest minority group in the country and growing at exponential rates. Hence, the debate about descriptive representation is clearly in need of a more contextualized assessment of its pros and cons. There are, however, practical limitations to including different groups and subgroups in legislatures. In this contribution we distinguish the substantive and the descriptive approach of representation. During this time more than ever, African Americans are able to speak on subjects that can affect us in the future. NORA Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 8(2), 6377. In N. Fraser & A. Honneth (Eds. View your signed in personal account and access account management features. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. Secondly, I will draw upon Phuong Ngo as a case study to describe how descriptive and substantive representation impacted MEM voters in his constituency. In the 2012 general election, 80 percent of the candidates endorsed by EMILYs List won a seat. Michele L. Swers is associate professor of government at Georgetown University. One of the benefits of descriptive representation is that the MEM representatives ethnicity and certain ethnic features of that representatives ethnicity can make MEM voters feel empowered.7 Such features can include physical appearance like skin colour and hair type. 1. Cleveland State Law Review, 39(3), 269300. They delineate achievement and motivate students to study hard and perform well. Fraser, N. (2003). In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. ), Representation and redistricting issues. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Goodin, R. 2004. The descriptive representation of gender: An anti-essentialist argument. Profiles: Google Scholar, Dataverse, OSF, R-Forge, Mastodon, YouTube, Libra.unine.ch, (Figshare), (SSRN), (Kudos). She went to law school after being denied admission to medical school because of her gender. My examination of hearing transcripts from the 107th Congress indicates that minority legislators are more likely than white legislators to participate in racial-oversight hearings but not more likely than whites to participate in social welfare hearings. Estlund, D. (2008). Descriptive representation is the idea that political institutions should reflect the social composition of populations as they are.5 In descriptive representation, representatives not only have visible characteristics (such as ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation) that are common to their constituents but also have shared experiences such as From state-managed capitalism to neoliberal crisis. (1982). Ethics, 91, 431450. These are issues that have left minorities feeling as though they are belittled and not treated as fairly as the majority in our society. to the people they represent. See below. Arena Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo, Sognsveien 68, 0855, Oslo, Norway, You can also search for this author in descriptive representation is the extent to which a representative or legislative body resembles a given constituent and her social or demographic identities. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. Qualitative research, such as surveys and interviews, make information relatable to the reader. systems than the old and traditional ones (Tawil, 2002). Patsy Mink (a), a Japanese American from Hawaii, was the first Asian American woman elected to the House of Representatives. In her successful 1970 congressional campaign, Bella Abzug (b) declared, This womans place is in the House the House of Representatives!. in or register, suggest descriptive representation leads to substantive representation in Congress. That's pretty straightforward. Pages 491-507. This however has created an increase in of social anxiety among some people in American. At extended last, mindful neighbors will probably concur upon common issues and cooperate to explain, As we look at social disorganization theory we knew that they were using spatial maps to look at the locations of juveniles. List of Pros of Bicameral Legislature. New York: Colombia University Press. I didnt have an opinion when surveys asked if I felt that I wasn't being treated equally to my fellow American classmate with all the same qualities I held. The notions of women-centred/intersectional state feminism, state feminism with/without a welfare state and with/without democratization should be thought of in terms of Weberian ideal types. A major reason is that until well into the twentieth century, white men of European background constituted an overwhelming majority of the voting population. The contention is that such similarity in success prospects requires social and economic redistribution and not only anti-discrimination and equal treatment (what Rawls refers to as formal equal opportunities). 9. From class actions to Miss Saigon. The theory of the politics of presence (Phillips 1995) provides reasons for expecting a link between descriptive and substantive representation. African Americans made up the largest percentage, with forty-eight members, while Latinos accounted for thirty-two members, up from nineteen just over a decade before. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Source publication Pros, Cons, and Changing Behavior: An.