Wikipedia entry + Cornelius , Epaphroditus , Sylla 138/31 The birth of L.Sulla. As this caused a general murmur, he let one day pass, and then proscribed 220 more, and again on the third day as many. Jugurtha had fled to his father-in-law, King Bocchus I of Mauretania (a nearby kingdom); Marius invaded Mauretania, and after a pitched battle in which both Sulla and Marius played important roles in securing victory, Bocchus felt forced by Roman arms to betray Jugurtha. [59] Sulla served as one of the legates in the southern theatre assigned to consul Lucius Julius Caesar. When he was still a proconsul in 82, he planned and executed the proscriptions against his enemies for revenge, especially from the Marian camp, and against rich Romans because he needed money to pay his veterans . Sulla's body was cremated and his ashes placed in his tomb in the Campus Martius. A gifted and innovative general, he achieved numerous successes in wars against foreign and domestic opponents. [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. Tools for primary source analysis. [127] In the north at the same time, Norbanus was defeated and fled for Rhodes, where he eventually committed suicide. [95], Mithridates' successes against the Romans incited a revolt by the Athenians against Roman rule. Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and other original documents. A primary source (also called original . Primary sources are the evidence of history, original records or objects created by participants or observers at the time historical . In an harangue to the people, he said, with reference to these measures, that he had proscribed all he could think of, and as to those who now escaped his memory, he would proscribe them at some future time. Proscribing or outlawing every one of those whom he perceived to have acted against the best interests of the Republic while he was in the east, Sulla ordered some 1,500 nobles (i.e. Primary sources are "first-hand" information, sources as close as possible to the origin of the information or idea under study. A book from 1877 England would be a primary source about Victorian history. La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori deve essere convocata dal datore di lavoro e devono partecipare almeno il rappresentante dei lavoratori per la sicurezza (RLS) e il medico competente. He was to return the kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia to Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes, respectively. [152], Sulla was red-blond[154] and blue-eyed, and had a dead-white face covered with red marks. . In 46 BC Julius Caesar appointed him governor of the province of Africa. To further solidify the prestige and authority of the Senate, Sulla transferred the control of the courts from the equites, who had held control since the Gracchi reforms, to the senators. Biography Roman military commander and dictator of the Roman republic (81-80 BC). Understanding Context: Awareness of the interconnection of events from the past, present and future. His troops were sufficiently impressed by his leadership that they hailed him imperator. He became a tribune of the plebeians in 52 BC where he gained a reputation for being a strong supporter of the populares. aking of America (MoA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction. Fimbria then committed suicide after a failed attempt on Sulla's life. This brief guide is designed to help students and researchers find and evaluate primary sources available online. [23] The means by which Sulla attained the fortune which later would enable him to ascend the ladder of Roman politics are not clear; Plutarch refers to two inheritances, one from his stepmother (who loved him dearly) and the other from his mistress Nicopolis. [48] The Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, was executed upon his return to Parthia for allowing this humiliation; the Parthians, however, ratified the treaty reached, which established the Euphrates as a clear boundary between Parthia and Rome. [114], The general feeling in Italy, however, was decidedly anti-Sullan; many people feared Sulla's wrath and still held memories of his extremely unpopular occupation of Rome during his consulship. Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. As Sulla viewed the office, the tribunate was especially dangerous, and his intention was to not only deprive the Tribunate of power, but also of prestige (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhanded activities of a tribune). In the ensuing fight, Sulla defeated Marius, who consequently fled to Praeneste. He can hardly have been in any doubt. Sulla marched to Praeneste and forced its siege to a close, with the younger Marius dead from suicide before its surrender. Lucius other name: Sulla Details individual; military/naval; official; Roman; Male. Pompey was then dispatched to recover Sicily. . [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. The cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp. [105] Sulla moved to intercept Flaccus' army in Thessaly, but turned around when Pontic forces reoccupied Boetia. It was not until he was in his very late forties and almost past the age . In this first video of a 2-part tutorial, we will discuss primary sources. Textbook passages discussing specific concepts, events, and experiments. [91], During close of the Social War, in 89BC, Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus invaded Roman Asia. He might have been disinherited, though it was "more likely" that his father simply had nothing to bequeath. Pompey ambushed eight legions sent to relieve Praeneste but an uprising from the Samnites and the Lucanians forced Sulla to deploy south as they moved also to relieve Praeneste or join with Carbo in the north. [126] Sulla's specific movements are very vaguely described in Appian, but he was successful in preventing the Italians from relieving Praeneste or joining with Carbo. Marius (C. Marius) - Roman consul, seven times from 107 B.C. The two greatest of these were Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla. [76] Without troops defending Rome itself, Sulla entered the city; once there, however, his men were pelted with stones from the rooftops by common people. Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. However, his candidature was dealt a blow when he was brought up on charges of extorting Ariobarzanes. He then revived the office of dictator, which had been inactive since the Second Punic War, over a century before. Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. [59], In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. Primary sources are available here primarily for use in high-school and university/college courses. Rome at the End of the Punic Wars [History, Book 6] [At this Site] Acts of the Divine Augustus (Res Gestae Divi Augusti) [At MIT] The Life of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), [At UNRV History] Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), c.98 CE trans. [127] Sulla himself was defeated and forced to flee into his camp, but his lieutenant Crassus on the right wing won the battle in the night. Se l'azienda ha pi di 200 dipendenti, deve essere presente anche il rappresentante sindacale aziendale (RSA). When Scipio refused, Sulla let him go. Taking Action: Benefits for students that extend beyond the classroom. senators and equites) executed, although as many as 9,000 people were estimated to have been killed. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (/ s l /; 138-78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force.. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship.A gifted and innovative general, he achieved . 134/4 C.Marius spends his early life in the countryside near Arpinum. In the natural and social sciences, primary sources are often empirical studies . He returned victorious from the east in 82 BC, marched a second time on Rome, and crushed the populares and their Italian allies at the Battle of the Colline Gate. But it was from 59, Nero's fifth year as emperor that things started to go seriously . While Sulla's laws such as those concerning qualification for admittance to the Senate, reform of the legal system and regulations of governorships remained on Rome's statutes long into the principate, much of his legislation was repealed less than a decade after his death. The interest rates were also to be agreed between both parties at the time that the loan was made, and should stand for the whole term of the debt, without further increase. was the first man to use the army to establish a personal autocracy at Rome.. Sulla first came into prominence when he served as quaestor (107-106 B.C.) [citation needed], Sulla became embroiled in a political fight against one of the plebeian tribunes, Publius Sulpicius Rufus, on the matter of how the new Italian citizens were to be distributed into the Roman tribes for purposes of voting. Primary Sources (1) Speech by Gaius Marius in the Senate, quoted by Sallust in his book The Jugurthine War (c. 40 BC) . [66] Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88BC; his colleague would be Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. [138], As promised, when his tasks were complete, Sulla returned his powers and withdrew to his country villa near Puteoli to be with his family. This also removed the need for the censor to draw up a list of senators, since more than enough former magistrates were always available to fill the Senate. [13][14][15] Sulla's family thereafter did not reach the highest offices of the state until Sulla himself. Lucius Cornelius Sulla was born in 138 BCE in Puteoli, Italy. [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). Sulla then served as legate under his former commander and, in that stead, successfully subdued a Gallic tribe which revolted in the aftermath of a previous Roman defeat. It is intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures. In a typical year, the Graduate Acting Department will personally audition more than 800 students in order to select an ensemble of 16 actors. [44], His term as praetor was largely uneventful, excepting a public dispute with Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo (possibly his brother-in-law) and his magnificent holding of the ludi Apollinares. Studying the past supports good citizenship, which is requisite for a fair and effective democracy. Gaius Marius, a lieutenant of Metellus, returned to Rome to stand for the consulship in 107BC. [128], After the battle at the Colline Gate, Sulla summoned the Senate to the temple of Bellona at the Campus Martius. This led him to a secret deal with Marius, who had for years been coveting another military command, in which Marius would support Sulpicius' Italian legislation in exchange for a law transferring Sulla's command to Marius. . [100], In the summer of 86BC, two major battles were fought in Boeotia. The later battle, at Orchomenus, was fought in high summer but before the start of the autumn rains. Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. According only to Appian, he then brought legislation to strengthen the Senate's position in the state and weaken the plebeian tribunes by eliminating the comitia tributa as a legislative body and requiring that tribunes first receive senatorial approval for legislation;[80] some scholars, however, reject Appian's account as mere retrojection of legislation passed during Sulla's dictatorship. Pompey, the son of Pompey Strabo, raised a legion from his clients in Picenum and also joined Sulla; Sulla treated him with great respect and addressed him as imperator before dispatching him to raise more troops. [17] Sallust declares him well-read, intelligent, and he was fluent in Greek. [90] By the end of 87BC, Cinna and Marius had besieged Rome and taken the city, killed consul Gnaeus Octavius, massacred their political enemies, and declared Sulla an outlaw; they then had themselves elected consuls for 86BC. He used his powers to purge his opponents, and reform Roman constitutional laws, to restore the primacy of the Senate and limit the power of the tribunes of the plebs. These sieges lasted until spring of 86BC. Here are the names and relevant periods for some of the main ancient Latin and Greek sources for Roman history. Updated on June 22, 2022 Students. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit," further alleging that many of the murdered victims had nothing to do with Sulla, though Sulla killed them to "please his adherents.". [122] Marius, buttressed by Samnite support, fought a long and hard battle with Sulla at Sacriportus that resulted in defeat when five of his cohorts defected. "[133][134], At the end of 82 BC or the beginning of 81 BC,[135] the Senate appointed Sulla dictator legibus faciendis et reipublicae constituendae causa ("dictator for the making of laws and for the settling of the constitution"). Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. Gill. Examples of tertiary sources include encyclopedias and dictionaries, chronologies, almanacs, directories, indexes, and bibliographies. After Sulla had recovered the government by force of arms, everybody became robbers and plunderers. [41] After the failure of negotiations, the Romans and Cimbri engaged in the Battle of the Raudian Field in which the Cimbri were routed and destroyed. Guide to primary sources; Ask for help; CSU Pueblo University Library Email Me. Sulla had officially been declared an outlaw and in the eyes of the Cinnan regime, Flaccus was to take command of an army without a legal commander. There is no single tool that will find everything at UCR, but a good start is to reach . Turning south, he engaged the Pontic army allegedly 90,000[101] on the plain of Orchomenus. They are different from secondary sources, accounts that retell, analyze, or interpret events, usually at a distance of time or place." Library of Congress Teacher's Page. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. The Roman general and dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 B.C.) Even though the prosecutor declined to show up on the day of the trial, leading to Sulla's victory by default, Sulla's ambitions were frustrated. Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. This prophecy was to have a powerful hold on Sulla throughout his lifetime. A research article or study proving this would be a primary source. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 BCE) was a ruthless military commander, who first distinguished himself in the Numidian War under the command of Gaius Marius.His relationship with Marius soured during the conflicts that would follow and lead to a rivalry which would only end with Marius' death.Sulla eventually seized control of the Republic, named himself dictator, and after eliminating his . Primary sources are original . Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or . [101], Sulla decamped his army from Attica toward central Greece. Sulla hurried in full force towards Rome and there fought the Battle of the Colline Gate on the afternoon of 1 November 82BC. [28][29], Under Marius, the Roman forces followed a very similar plan as under Metellus, capturing and garrisoning fortified positions in the African countryside. Due to his meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the quaestorship in 108BC. Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. [104], After the Battle of Chaeronea, Sulla learnt that Cinna's government had sent Lucius Valerius Flaccus to take over his command. [125], Carbo, who had suffered defeats by Metellus Pius and Pompey, attempted to redeploy so to relieve his co-consul Marius at Praeneste. These sources have not been modified by interpretation and offer original thought or new information. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. After some days, both sides engaged in battle. Sulla was the first Roman magistrate to meet a Parthian ambassador. Sulla's descendants continued to be prominent in Roman politics into the imperial period. Throughout the research process, you'll likely use various types of sources. [88] Political violence in Rome continued even in Sulla's absence. Sulla's law waived the sponsio, allowing such cases to be heard without it. His son, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, issued denarii bearing the name of the dictator,[151] as did a grandson, Quintus Pompeius Rufus. After the battle, Marius withdrew to Praeneste and was there besieged. He was devoted to pleasure but more devoted to glory. (5) Horace, Epode (c. 35 BC) Historical documents : how to read them. [78], When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. primary name: Sulla, Lucius Cornelius other name: Cornelius L f P n Sulla Felix . Sulla then settled affairs "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" in Asia, staying there until 84BC. Click the title for location and availability information. [76] The troops were willing to follow Sulla to Rome; his officers, however, realised Sulla's plans and deserted him (except his quaestor and kinsman, almost certainly Lucius Licinius Lucullus). The historian Sallust fleshes out this character sketch of Sulla: He was well versed both in Greek and Roman literature, and had a truly remarkable mind. 107/14 The dissolute lifestyle of L.Sulla, as a young man. [109] Faced with Fimbria's army in Asia, Lucullus' fleet off the coast, and internal unrest, Mithridates eventually met with Sulla at Dardanus in autumn 85BC and accepted the terms negotiated by Archelaus. Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . These marriages helped build political alliances with the influential Caecilii Metelli and the Pompeys. They were, however, successful in holding Macedonia, then governed by propraetor Gaius Sentius and his legate Quintus Bruttius Sura. [104] When the Pontic cavalry attacked to interrupt the earthworks, the Romans almost broke; Sulla personally rallied his men on foot and stabilised the area. Although he was able to regain the command, his political setup in Rome collapsed almost as soon as he left Italy, and the war would . Resigning his dictatorship in 79 BC, Sulla retired to private life and died the following year. They are original research, thinking, or discovery on a topic or event, and are written or created by people who actually experienced the event . Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. [32] After the Senate approved negotiations with Bocchus, it delegated the talks to Marius, who appointed Sulla as envoy plenipotentiary. [109] When Flaccus' consular army marched through Macedonia towards Thrace, his command was usurped by his legate Gaius Flavius Fimbria, who had Flaccus killed before chasing Mithridates with his army into Asia itself. [25], The Jugurthine War had started in 112BC when Jugurtha, grandson of Massinissa of Numidia, claimed the entire kingdom of Numidia in defiance of Roman decrees that divided it among several members of the royal family. The allies in central and southern Italy had fought side by side with Rome in several wars and had grown restive under Roman autocratic rule, wanting instead Roman citizenship and the privileges it conferred. [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. If Plutarch's text is to be amended to "Julia", then she is likely to have been one of the Julias related to Julius Caesar, most likely. The Roman Republic and territories in 100 B.C. From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies were involved (e.g. The veto power of the tribunes and their legislating authority were soon reinstated, ironically during the consulships of Pompey and Crassus.[150]. Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who did. 9, The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146-43 BC. [27], When Marius took over the war, he entrusted Sulla to organise cavalry forces in Italy needed to pursue the mobile Numidians into the desert. [49] At this meeting, Sulla was told by a Chaldean seer that he would die at the height of his fame and fortune. Continuing towards Scipio's position at Teanum Sidicinum, Sulla negotiated and was almost able to convince Scipio to defect. Sulla, in southern Italy, operated largely defensively on Lucius Julius Caesar's flank while the consul conducted offensive campaigning. The hundreds of thousands of men who enlisted . Later political leaders such as Julius Caesar would follow his precedent in attaining political power through force. Plutarch of Chaeronea in Boeotia (ca. Marius and his son, along with some others, escaped to Africa. was a major figure in the late Roman Republic. [53] Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed imperator by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. Cinna violently quarrelled with his co-consul, Gnaeus Octavius. Newspapers. The assembly of the people subsequently ratified the decision, with no limit set on his time in office. [113] The extra time spent in Asia, moreover, equipped him with forces and money later put to good use in Italy. 1963), and Stewart Perowne, Death of the Roman Republic: From 146 B.C. However, if you were studying how compact fluorescent light bulbs are presented in the popular media, the magazine article could be considered a primary source. Finally, in a demonstration of his absolute power, Sulla expanded the Pomerium, the sacred boundary of Rome, unchanged since the time of the kings. This, along with the increase in the number of courts, further added to the power that was already held by the senators. Marius was elected consul and, through assignment by tribunician legislation, took over the campaign. During these times on the stage, after initially only singing, he started writing plays, Atellan farces, a kind of crude comedy. They had, however, fallen on hard times. History has portrayed them as being emblematic for a generation of chaos in Roman society. [citation needed], The second law concerned the sponsio, which was the sum in dispute in cases of debt, and usually had to be lodged with the praetor before the case was heard. Faced with mobilizing a sufficient fighting force, Congress passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917. In 109, Rome sent Quintus Caecilius Metellus to continue the war. [145], His public funeral in Rome (in the Forum, in the presence of the whole city) was on a scale unmatched until that of Augustus in AD 14. The type of source you look for will depend on the stage you are at in the writing process. Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. He then reinforced this decision by legislation, retroactively justifying his illegal march on the city and stripping the twelve outlaws of their Roman citizenship. [35], In 104BC, the Cimbri and the Teutones, two Germanic tribes who had bested the Roman legions on several occasions, seemed to again be heading for Italy. [115] Sulla, buoyed by his previous looting in Asia, was able to advance quickly and largely without the ransacking of the Italian countryside. "[157] This duality, or inconsistency, made him very unpredictable and "at the slightest pretext, he might have a man crucified, but, on another occasion, would make light of the most appalling crimes; or he might happily forgive the most unpardonable offenses, and then punish trivial, insignificant misdemeanors with death and confiscation of property. As such, he sought to strengthen the aristocracy, and thus the Senate. Primary sources are most often produced around the time of the events you are studying. [6] Keaveney places his departure to 93. [155] Plutarch notes that Sulla considered that "his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance. [85], After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. Primary research gives you direct access to the subject of your research. Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations. Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. Student Engagement: Primary source materials "help spark students . Research Process and Acumen: Experience with primary sources can support future academic success. Website. At the start of his second consulship in 80BC with Metellus Pius, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. He left one of his allies, Quintus Lucretius Afella to maintain the siege at Praeneste and moved for Rome. He dismissed his lictores and walked unguarded in the Forum, offering to give account of his actions to any citizen. He then fought successfully against Germanic tribes during the Cimbrian War, and Italian allies during the Social War. The tools are designed to support 3 levels of critical thinking and inquiry skills (explore, analyse and critically analyse) for years 1 to 13. Essentially, they're sources about primary sources. [58] At the start of the war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. [136] Sulla's reforms both looked to the past (often repassing former laws) and regulated for the future, particularly in his redefinition of maiestas (treason) laws and in his reform of the Senate. The collection currently contains . However, despite this portrayal, particularly from Plutarch's accounts, it is difficult to determine just how culpable Marius and Sulla were for the chaos that engulfed the Roman Republic Primary Sources Sallust. Ancient accounts of Sulla's death indicate that he died from liver failure or a ruptured gastric ulcer (symptomized by a sudden hemorrhage from his mouth, followed by a fever from which he never recovered), possibly caused by chronic alcohol abuse. At the same time, Marius had annihilated the Cimbri's allies, the Teutones, at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae. Sulla's career is recounted in detail in Howard Hayes Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. Archelaus tried to break out but were unsuccessful; Sulla then annihilated the Pontic army and captured its camp. In . to the Birth of the Roman Empire (1969). Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents.