The sterile cockpit rule was designed With every complex human endeavor, it is necessary to master the basics if the whole task is to be performed competently and safely. The flight instructor should demonstrate good aviation sense at all times: Before the flightdiscuss safety and the importance of a proper preflight and use of the checklist, During flightprioritize the tasks of aviating, navigating, and communicating. [Figure 8-7], An understanding of the decision-making process provides students with a foundation for developing ADM skills. critical phase of flight which could distract any flight crew member from In an emergency, this ability could save the pilots life and those of the passengers, During the conduct of integrated flight training, the flight instructor must emphasize to the students that the introduction to the use of flight instruments does not prepare them for operations in marginal weather or instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). communications between the cabin and cockpit crews, and reading publications Craig Levine comes from an airline back ground, and mentioned a particular concern of his. 10,000 feet, except cruise flight. Penal Code 9.41 and 9.42 are also worth looking at because they describe when force and deadly force can be used to protect property. connections, announcements made to passengers promoting the air carrier As one reporter resolves: Another reporter offered a good suggestion The main responsibility of the Instructor is" "instructor typically teaches subjects that Scouts are eager to learnespecially those such as first aid, camping, and backpackingthat are required for outdoor . FAR 121.542 VFR into IMC accidents often lead to fatalities. Fortunately I've received some help this month. for 'total concentration-sterile cockpit' procedures." Rules and regulations are designed to address known or suspected conditions detrimental to safety, but there is always the probability that some new combination of circumstances not contemplated by the regulations will arise, The recognition of aviation training and flight operations as a system led to a "system approach" to aviation safety. The Sterile Cockpit Rule is an FAA regulation requiring pilots to refrain from non-essential activities during critical phases of flight. Disinterest grows rapidly when unnecessary repetition and drill are requested on operations that have already been adequately learned, Worry or lack of interest has a detrimental effect on learning. They are much less apt to become airsick while operating the controls themselves. As the flight progresses, the pilot must continue to evaluate the outcome of the decision to ensure that it is producing the desired result, To implement her decision, Brenda plots the course changes and calculates a new estimated time of arrival. After weighing each information source, she concludes that the headwind has increased. This concept should be emphasized to students and reinforced when training procedures are performed. Plus, the instructor is able to evaluate the students understanding of the factors involved in performance of the maneuver, According to the principle of primacy, it is important for the instructor to make sure the student gets it right the first time. A successful CFI points out the potential for the behavior and teaches the student the antidote for that attitude. cockpit needs to be cleaned up. Since useful tools and sources of information may not always be readily apparent, learning to recognize these resources is an essential part of ADM training. Was the student uncomfortable or tired during the flight? The most effective cure is prevention. As experience is gained, a pilot learns to recognize future workload requirements and can prepare for high workload periods during times of low workload. Remember, below 10,000 feet if it's not directly to the top of the article, Click These include but are not limited to: Impatience to proceed to more interesting operations, Physical discomfort, illness, fatigue, and dehydration, Students who believe their instruction is inadequate, or that their efforts are not conscientiously considered and evaluated, do not learn well. These same abilities, as well as an objective analysis of all available information, are used to determine the exact nature and severity of the problem, One critical error that can be made during the decision-making process is incorrectly defining the problem. Hazardous attitudes contribute to poor pilot judgment and affect the quality of decisions, Attitude can be defined as a personal motivational predisposition to respond to persons, situations, or events in a given manner. Consequently, important things were missed. Two benefits accrue from this step: the student, being freed from the need to concentrate on performance of the maneuver and from concern about its outcome, is able to organize his or her thoughts regarding the steps involved and the techniques to be used. A witness recalled later that the aircraft appeared to be too high and fast on final approach, and speculated the pilot was having difficulty controlling the aircraft in high winds. Reviewing the appropriate chart and setting radio frequencies well in advance of need helps reduce workload as the flight nears the airport. Discouragement and emotional upsets are rare when students feel that nothing is being withheld from them or is being neglected in their training, Physical discomfort, illness, and fatigue will materially slow the rate of learning during both classroom instruction and flight training. If, due to some unanticipated circumstances, the demonstration does not closely conform to the explanation, this deviation should be immediately acknowledged and explained, Most physical skills lend themselves to a sequential pattern where the skill is explained in the same step-by-step order normally used to perform it. In assessing the ability of a student, the instructor initially determines if he or she understands the procedure or maneuver. of air carrier accidents and serious incidents, the traveling public feels the The CFI bases this assessment on the students ability to demonstrate consistent proficiency on a number of flight maneuvers. ADM training focuses on the decision-making process and the factors that affect a pilots ability to make effective choices, Timely decision-making is an important tool for any pilot. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. phase of flight except those duties required for the safe operation of be most effective, crews need to talk -- even if it is just merely "get The assessment must consider the students mastery of the elements involved in the maneuver, rather than merely the overall performance, In order for a student to be signed off for a solo flight, the CFI must determine that the student is qualified and proficient in the flight tasks necessary for the flight. To ensure the solo flight is a positive, confidence-building experience for the student, the flight instructor needs to consider time of day when scheduling the flight. The deficiencies listed below are apparent to others before the individual notices any physical signs of fatigue, Another form of fatigue is chronic fatigue which occurs when there is not enough time for a full recovery from repeated episodes of acute fatigue. This training method has been in use for a long time and is very effective in teaching kinesthetic skills so flight instructors find it valuable in teaching procedures and maneuvers. Portale di Economia e Finanza. Things like monitoring altitude on an instrument approach, or -- possibly even an accident. Duties such as company required calls made for such non safety related purposes as ordering galley supplies and confirming passenger connections, announcements made to passengers promoting the air carrier or pointing out sights of interest, and filling out company payroll and related records are not required for the safe operation of the aircraft. that problems arose when non-pertinent company radio calls and PA announcements Recovery from chronic fatigue requires a prolonged and deliberate solution. Full stop landings help the student develop aircraft control and checklist usage. Students who have been required to perform all normal flight maneuvers by reference to instruments, as well as by outside references, develop from the start the habit of continuously monitoring their own and the aircrafts performance. Several reports we examined indicate When introducing lesson tasks, flight instructors should not introduce the minimum acceptable standards for passing the checkride. The sterile cockpit rule is a good rule because Time of day is a factor in traffic congestion, possible winds, sun angles, and reflection, If possible, the flight instructor needs access to a portable radio during any supervised solo operations. here to go to FAR 121.542 and 135.100 .). When a flight crew's In aviation, the sterile flight deck rule or sterile cockpit rule is a procedural requirement that during critical phases of flight (normally below 10,000 ft or 3,050 m), only activities required for the safe operation of the aircraft may be carried out by the flight crew, and all non-essential activities in the cockpit are forbidden. admits to conversation not pertinent to flying duties: Five reports detailed extraneous conversation with jump seat riders. These problems are often due to inadequacies of the course or of the instructor. From the start of flight training, the instructor must ensure students develop the habit of looking for other air traffic at all times. Nowhere does Webster's define "sight-seeing" Every flight instructor can agree that everyone wants to be safe, but what does "safety" really mean? and when the going is busy, complex, and one has multiple very ill or potentially very ill patients to care for, then one form of "sterile cockpit" is a very serious consideration, i think. more than one culprit. This reviewer used the ASRS database using engine anti-ice for takeoff during a blinding snow storm. She verifies that the original calculations are correct and considers factors that may have lengthened the time between checkpoints, such as a climb or deviation off course. Acute fatigue, a normal occurrence of everyday living, is the tiredness felt after long periods of physical and mental strain, including strenuous muscular effort, immobility, heavy mental workload, strong emotional pressure, monotony, and lack of sleep, Acute fatigue caused by training operations may be physical or mental, or both. In another incident, the crew was . What resources do you have to assist you? In military transport operations, a similar philosophy is applied from "combat entry" to "combat exit". From a broader perspective, the phrase "human factors related" more aptly describes these accidents since it is usually not a single decision that leads to an accident, but a chain of events triggered by a number of factors, The poor judgment chain, or the error chain, describes this concept of contributing factors in a human factors related accident. gaisano grand mall mission and vision . 2014; 114(2):47-55. For example, during a go-around, adding power, gaining airspeed, and properly configuring the aircraft are priorities. [Figure 8-9] For example, if a student has an easy time with flight training and seems to understand things very quickly, there may be a potential for that student to have a "macho" hazardous attitude. problems for these crews. Judging from these Holding precise headings and altitudes in cruising flight definitely increases average cruising performance, The use of integrated flight instruction provides the student with the ability to control an aircraft in flight for limited periods if outside references are lost. The following are examples of distractions that can be used for this training: Drop a pencil. To hold the students interest and to maintain the motivation necessary for efficient learning, well-planned, appropriate, and accurate instruction must be provided. Many of the reports contained acknowledgments like this: Following are the four most common thousands of ASRS reports, the potential for problems (such as misunderstood No distinction in the pilots operation of the flight controls is permitted, regardless of whether outside references or instrument indications are used for the performance of the maneuver. Stalls, landings, or an impending solo flight may cause concern. area, the Captain in the following report called on the company radio frequency The weather at the time of the incident was reported as marginal VFR due to rain showers and thunderstorms. on an instrument approach to Runway 04 when it crashed into high terrain Most pilots grew up on great movies like "Top Gun" and "Battle of Britain," and along with them, a cornucopia of nonstandard but truly entertaining communications like "tally-ho on that traffic," "climbing to angels 21" and" bandits at 12 o'clock high" began appearing in the vernacular of Cessna 172 and Piper Cherokee . SRM is the art and science of managing all resources (both onboard the aircraft and from outside sources) available to a single pilot (prior and during flight) to ensure the successful outcome of the flight, These key principles are often collectively called ADM. 14 CFR Section 91.3, Responsibility and Authority of the Pilot in Command, states that "In an inflight emergency requiring immediate action, the pilot in command may deviate from any rule of this part to the extent required to meet that emergency", Flight instructors should incorporate ADM, risk management, situational awareness, and SRM throughout the entire training course for all levels of students. The common thread to the accidents were flight crews distracted from flying by non-essential conversations and activities during . tend strictly to the task at hand -- that of safely operating the aircraft. An Instructor is an older troop member proficient in a Scouting skill who must also have the ability to teach that skill to others. The chapter begins with practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, the demonstration-performance training delivery method of flight instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate students. Although you are familiar with the area, you do not recognize any landmarks, and fuel is running low. The Practical Test Standard (PTS) is not a teaching tool. All of the students physical and mental faculties are brought into play. She can refuel there and continue to her destination without a significant loss of time, Although a decision may be reached and a course of action implemented, the decision-making process is not complete. The causes of stress for a pilot can range from unexpected weather or mechanical problems while in flight to personal issues unrelated to flying. The ability to ride on an air carrier's Students reluctant to use checklists can be reminded that pilots at all levels of experience refer to checklists, and that the more advanced the aircraft is, the more crucial checklists become. Use ADM to correct faulty approaches and landing errors. Refer to chapter 5 for an in-depth discussion of the types of assessment available to the flight instructor, An assessment can also be used as a tool for reteaching. When teaching more than one skill at the same time, the simple-to-complex strategy works well. With the advent of advanced avionics with glass displays, GPS, and autopilot, flying might seem inherently easier and safer, but in reality it has become more complex. Since this is a learning phase rather than an evaluation phase of the training, errors or unsafe practices should be identified and corrected in a positive and timely way. [Figure 8-11], During a lesson, workload can be gradually increased as the instructor monitors the students management of tasks. synopsis of the problems that we found that could be attributed to sterile cockpit Once an emergency is declared, air traffic control (ATC) gives the pilot priority handling. Seccin instructora. As an example, a level turn might be demonstrated and described by the instructor in the following way: Use outside visual references and monitor the flight instruments, After clearing the airspace around the aircraft, add power slightly, turn the aircraft in the desired direction, and apply a slight amount of back pressure on the yoke to maintain altitude. The report said the crew was likely distracted they noticed they were in an unplanned formation with a jet landing on the same The instructor cannot be responsible for these outside diversions, but cannot ignore them because they have a critical effect on the learning process. should be given to developing something that doesn't create its own set of distractions. AFSS can provide updates on weather, answer questions about airport conditions, and may offer direction-finding assistance. to notify maintenance about a minor cabin discrepancy. If a student seems distracted, or has a particularly difficult time accomplishing the tasks of the lesson, the instructor can query the student. A radio enables the instructor to terminate the solo operation if he or she observes a situation developing. Traditionally, flight instructors explained errors in performance, pointed out elements in which the deficiencies were believed to have originated and, if possible, suggested appropriate corrective measures. To determine if there is a change in the winds aloft forecast and to check recent pilot reports, she contacts Flight Watch. (a) No certificate holder shall Instructors can advise students to self-assess to determine their capabilities and limitations and then set realistic goals. to help minimize many of the problems that we just annotated. No person about to undergo major When becoming overloaded, the student should stop, think, slow down, and prioritize. With the increased use of two-crew member cockpits this consideration is increasingly During training, CFIs can routinely point out resources to students, Internal resources are found in the flight deck during flight. Failure to do so lengthens the flight instruction necessary for the student to achieve the competency required for a private pilot certificate. Situational awareness is the accurate perception and understanding of all the factors and conditions within the four fundamental risk elements that affect safety before, during, and after the flight. by flight attendants during the sterile cockpit period can be distracting and A good time to establish the desire However, even when such authority is delegated, the student must be provided an . Risk management is a decision-making process designed to systematically identify hazards, assess the degree of risk, and determine the best course of action associated with each flight. In briefing Students must understand the purpose of the assessment; otherwise, they will be unlikely to accept the evaluation offered and little improvement will result. In many districts, the board has delegated authority to an administrator or third party to hear the expulsion case. When this occurs, the instructor should be prepared to schedule additional training, Positive exchange of flight controls is an integral part of flight training. The student should be able to describe the procedures for traffic pattern entry and landing preparation. The flight instructor is the only person in a position to make the determination a student is ready for solo operations. Officer. It is important that students be given an opportunity to perform the skill as soon as possible after a demonstration, Then, the instructor reviews what has been covered during the instructional flight and determines to what extent the student has met the objectives outlined during the preflight discussion. However, these procedures require For this type of instruction to be fully effective, the use of instrument references should begin the first time each new maneuver is introduced. While progress is continually being made in the advancement of pilot training methods, aircraft equipment and systems, and services for pilots, accidents still occur. A strange smell or sound may alert a passenger to a potential problem. dangerous, but it is illegal, as well. In addition to policy development, a board of education may become involved in student discipline when it is necessary to expel a student from school. A certain amount of stress is good since it keeps a person alert and prevents complacency. Mental habits begin to form with repetition of the instructions previously received. Applying aviation's sterile cockpit rule may be a useful addition to our clinical practice. potentially dangerous. reasons of great urgency. This reporter, a commuter pilot who Recent studies of midair collisions determined that: Flight instructors were onboard the aircraft in 37 percent of the accidents in the study, Most of the aircraft involved in collisions are engaged in recreational flying not on any type of flight plan, Most midair collisions occur in VFR weather conditions during weekend daylight hours, The vast majority of accidents occurred at or near nontowered airports and at altitudes below 1,000 feet, Pilots of all experience levels were involved in midair collisions, from pilots on their first solo, to 20,000 hour veterans, Most collisions occur in daylight with visibility greater than 3 miles, It is imperative to introduce 14 CFR section 91.113 "Right-of-way" rules to the student. The self-assessment is followed by an in-depth discussion between the instructor and the student which compares the instructors assessment to the students self-assessment, During the students first solo flight, the instructor must be present to assist in answering questions or resolving any issues that arise during the flight. AC 60-22, Aeronautical Decision-Making, provides background references, definitions, and other pertinent information about ADM training in the GA environment. At the time of the crash, Keeping the flight deck well ventilated aids in dissipating excess heat, Students can become apathetic when they recognize that the instructor has made inadequate preparations for the instruction being given, or when the instruction appears to be deficient, contradictory, or insincere. By starting with the simplest skill, a student gains confidence and is less likely to become frustrated when faced with building skills that are more complex, Another consideration in this phase is the language used.